महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-12, verse-8

तं प्रवीरं प्रतीयाता नर्दमाना इवर्षभाः ।
वाशितार्थमभिक्रुद्धा हुंकृत्वा चाभिदुद्रुवुः ।
निघ्नन्तमभिजघ्नुस्ते शरैः शृङ्गैरिवर्षभाः ॥८॥

8. taṁ pravīraṁ pratīyātā nardamānā ivarṣabhāḥ ,
vāśitārthamabhikruddhā huṁkṛtvā cābhidudruvuḥ ,
nighnantamabhijaghnuste śaraiḥ śṛṅgairivarṣabhāḥ.

8. tam pravīram pratīyātā nardamānāḥ iva
ṛṣabhāḥ vāśitārtham abhikruddhāḥ
huṃkṛtvā ca abhidudruvuḥ nighnantam
abhijaghnuḥ te śaraiḥ śṛṅgaiḥ iva ṛṣabhāḥ

8. vāśitārtham abhikruddhāḥ nardamānāḥ ṛṣabhāḥ iva te tam pravīram pratīyātā,
ca huṃkṛtvā abhidudruvuḥ.
te nighnantam śaraiḥ śṛṅgaiḥ iva ṛṣabhāḥ abhijaghnuḥ

8. Like bulls roaring furiously, enraged for the sake of a female, they advanced towards that great hero (Arjuna). Having roared fiercely, they rushed towards him. Even as he struck them, those warriors, like bulls, struck him with arrows as if they were horns.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - that (Arjuna) (him, that)

• प्रवीरम् (pravīram) - great hero, excellent warrior

• प्रतीयाता (pratīyātā) - they advanced towards, they went to meet

• नर्दमानाः (nardamānāḥ) - roaring, bellowing

• इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

• ऋषभाः (ṛṣabhāḥ) - (like) bulls (bulls, chief, excellent ones)

• वाशितार्थम् (vāśitārtham) - for the sake of a cow (female animal) (for the sake of a female animal)

• अभिक्रुद्धाः (abhikruddhāḥ) - greatly enraged, furious

• हुंकृत्वा (huṁkṛtvā) - having roared fiercely (having roared 'hum', having made a roaring sound)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अभिदुद्रुवुः (abhidudruvuḥ) - they rushed towards, they ran at

• निघ्नन्तम् (nighnantam) - him (Arjuna) who was striking (them) (him who was striking, him who was killing)

• अभिजघ्नुः (abhijaghnuḥ) - they struck, they attacked, they killed

• ते (te) - they

• शरैः (śaraiḥ) - with arrows

• शृङ्गैः (śṛṅgaiḥ) - with horns

• इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

• ऋषभाः (ṛṣabhāḥ) - (like) bulls (referring to the warriors) (bulls, chief, excellent ones)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - that (Arjuna) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to Arjuna.

प्रवीरम् (pravīram) - great hero, excellent warrior

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pravīra

pravīra - great hero, chief warrior, distinguished warrior

pra (excellent) + vīra (hero).

Compound type : Karmadhāraya (pra+vīra)

• pra – forth, forward, very, excellent
  indeclinable
  Prefix/upasarga.
• vīra – hero, brave man, warrior
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to Arjuna.

प्रतीयाता (pratīyātā) - they advanced towards, they went to meet

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (Laṅ) of prati-i

Imperfect Active (Epic/Injunctive style)

From root i (to go) with prefix prati. The form pratīyātā is usually 3rd dual optative/imperfect, but in epic contexts, it can function as 3rd plural past tense.

Prefix: prati

Root: i (class 2)

नर्दमानाः (nardamānāḥ) - roaring, bellowing

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nardamāna

nardamāna - roaring, bellowing, sounding loudly

Present Middle Participle

From root nard (to roar) + āna suffix (middle voice present participle).

Root: nard (class 1)

इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

(indeclinable)

Particle of comparison.

ऋषभाः (ṛṣabhāḥ) - (like) bulls (bulls, chief, excellent ones)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ṛṣabha

ṛṣabha - bull, chief, excellent, best

From root ṛṣ (to go, to move swiftly).

Root: ṛṣ (class 1)

वाशितार्थम् (vāśitārtham) - for the sake of a cow (female animal) (for the sake of a female animal)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vāśitārtha

vāśitārtha - for the sake of a female animal's roar (or the female animal itself, particularly a cow in heat)

vāśita (female animal, particularly a cow) + artha (sake, purpose).

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (vāśita+artha)

• vāśita – bellowing, roaring; a female animal (especially a cow in heat)
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root vāś (to roar, bellow).
  Root: vāś (class 1)
• artha – purpose, meaning, sake, object
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adverbial accusative, 'for the sake of'.

अभिक्रुद्धाः (abhikruddhāḥ) - greatly enraged, furious

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of abhikruddha

abhikruddha - very angry, greatly enraged, furious

Past Passive Participle

From root krudh (to be angry) with prefix abhi.

Prefix: abhi

Root: krudh (class 4)

हुंकृत्वा (huṁkṛtvā) - having roared fiercely (having roared 'hum', having made a roaring sound)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From huṃ (onomatopoeic sound) + root kṛ (to make/do). Formed with tvā suffix.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Denotes a prior action.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अभिदुद्रुवुः (abhidudruvuḥ) - they rushed towards, they ran at

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past perfect (Liṭ) of abhi-dru

Perfect Active

From root dru (to run) with prefix abhi. Reduplicated perfect, 3rd person plural, active voice.

Prefix: abhi

Root: dru (class 1)

निघ्नन्तम् (nighnantam) - him (Arjuna) who was striking (them) (him who was striking, him who was killing)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nighnat

nighnat - striking, killing, slaying

Present Active Participle

From root han (to strike, kill) with prefix ni. Formed with śatṛ suffix.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

अभिजघ्नुः (abhijaghnuḥ) - they struck, they attacked, they killed

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past perfect (Liṭ) of abhi-han

Perfect Active

From root han (to strike, kill) with prefix abhi. Reduplicated perfect, 3rd person plural, active voice.

Prefix: abhi

Root: han (class 2)

ते (te) - they

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, they

Demonstrative pronoun.

शरैः (śaraiḥ) - with arrows

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow, reed

From root śṛ (to hurt, to break).

Root: śṛ (class 9)

शृङ्गैः (śṛṅgaiḥ) - with horns

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śṛṅga

śṛṅga - horn, peak, summit

Note: Used in a simile: śṛṅgaiḥ iva (as if with horns).

इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

(indeclinable)

ऋषभाः (ṛṣabhāḥ) - (like) bulls (referring to the warriors) (bulls, chief, excellent ones)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ṛṣabha

ṛṣabha - bull, chief, excellent, best

From root ṛṣ (to go, to move swiftly).

Root: ṛṣ (class 1)