महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-48, verse-31

भीष्मस्तु रथिनां श्रेष्ठस्तूर्णं विव्याध पाण्डवम् ।
अशीत्या निशितैर्बाणैस्ततोऽक्रोशन्त तावकाः ॥३१॥

31. bhīṣmastu rathināṁ śreṣṭhastūrṇaṁ vivyādha pāṇḍavam ,
aśītyā niśitairbāṇaistato'krośanta tāvakāḥ.

31. bhīṣmaḥ tu rathinām śreṣṭaḥ tūrṇam vivyādha pāṇḍavam
aśītyā niśitaiḥ bāṇaiḥ tataḥ akrośanta tāvakāḥ

31. bhīṣmaḥ tu rathinām śreṣṭaḥ tūrṇam aśītyā niśitaiḥ
bāṇaiḥ pāṇḍavam vivyādha tataḥ tāvakāḥ akrośanta

31. But Bhishma, the foremost among charioteers, swiftly pierced the Pāṇḍava (Arjuna) with eighty sharp arrows. Then your men (the Kauravas) cheered.

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma

• तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, yet)

• रथिनाम् (rathinām) - of charioteers

• श्रेष्टः (śreṣṭaḥ) - foremost (best, foremost, most excellent)

• तूर्णम् (tūrṇam) - swiftly (quickly, swiftly, immediately)

• विव्याध (vivyādha) - pierced (he pierced, he wounded)

• पाण्डवम् (pāṇḍavam) - Arjuna (the Pāṇḍava) (the Pāṇḍava, son of Pāṇḍu)

• अशीत्या (aśītyā) - with eighty

• निशितैः (niśitaiḥ) - with sharp (with sharpened, with keen)

• बाणैः (bāṇaiḥ) - with arrows

• ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, from there, afterwards)

• अक्रोशन्त (akrośanta) - they cheered (they shouted, they cried out)

• तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - your men (Duryodhana's warriors, the Kauravas) (your men, your people)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - terrible, formidable, name of a Kuru elder

तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, yet)

(indeclinable)

रथिनाम् (rathinām) - of charioteers

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of rathin

rathin - charioteer, warrior fighting from a chariot

From ratha (chariot) + -in (possessive suffix).

श्रेष्टः (śreṣṭaḥ) - foremost (best, foremost, most excellent)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śreṣṭha

śreṣṭha - best, most excellent, foremost, superior

Superlative degree of praśasya (excellent).

Note: Qualifies Bhishma.

तूर्णम् (tūrṇam) - swiftly (quickly, swiftly, immediately)

(indeclinable)

Used adverbially from a past passive participle of tvar (to hurry).

Root: tvar (class 1)

Note: Adverb modifying vivyādha.

विव्याध (vivyādha) - pierced (he pierced, he wounded)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vyadh

Perfect Active Third Person Singular

Root vyadh (class 4); perfect tense reduplicated form.

Root: vyadh (class 4)

पाण्डवम् (pāṇḍavam) - Arjuna (the Pāṇḍava) (the Pāṇḍava, son of Pāṇḍu)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, a Pāṇḍava

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu.

अशीत्या (aśītyā) - with eighty

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of aśīti

aśīti - eighty

Note: Used as an instrumental to indicate the means.

निशितैः (niśitaiḥ) - with sharp (with sharpened, with keen)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of niśita

niśita - sharpened, keen, sharp

Past Passive Participle

From root śo (to sharpen, whet) with prefix ni + kta suffix.

Prefix: ni

Root: śo (class 4)

Note: Qualifies bāṇaiḥ.

बाणैः (bāṇaiḥ) - with arrows

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of bāṇa

bāṇa - arrow

Note: Refers to the arrows as the means of piercing.

ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, from there, afterwards)

(indeclinable)

अक्रोशन्त (akrośanta) - they cheered (they shouted, they cried out)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of kruś

Imperfect Active Third Person Plural

Root kruś (class 1); imperfect tense with prefix a-.

Root: kruś (class 1)

तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - your men (Duryodhana's warriors, the Kauravas) (your men, your people)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, yours, belonging to you, your people/men

Possessive adjective derived from 'tva' (you).