महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-53, verse-41

तौ तीक्ष्णाग्रेण सहसा प्रतोदेन प्रचोदितौ ।
पृष्ठे विद्धौ कटे चैव निर्विकारौ तमूहतुः ॥४१॥

41. tau tīkṣṇāgreṇa sahasā pratodena pracoditau ,
pṛṣṭhe viddhau kaṭe caiva nirvikārau tamūhatuḥ.

41. tau tīkṣṇāgreṇa sahasā pratodena pracoditau
pṛṣṭhe viddhau kaṭe ca eva nirvikārau tam ūhatuḥ

41. tau tīkṣṇāgreṇa pratodena sahasā pracoditau
pṛṣṭhe kaṭe ca eva viddhau nirvikārau tam ūhatuḥ

41. Though suddenly spurred with a sharp-pointed goad and even pricked on their backs and flanks, those two (elephants) carried him without showing any change or reaction.

Words meanings summery:

• तौ (tau) - those two (elephants) (those two)

• तीक्ष्णाग्रेण (tīkṣṇāgreṇa) - with a sharp-pointed (goad) (with a sharp point, sharp-pointed)

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, quickly, by force

• प्रतोदेन (pratodena) - with a goad, with a driving stick

• प्रचोदितौ (pracoditau) - urged (by the goad) (urged, impelled, incited)

• पृष्ठे (pṛṣṭhe) - on the back

• विद्धौ (viddhau) - pricked (by the goad) (pierced, struck, wounded)

• कटे (kaṭe) - on the flank, hip, temple (of elephant)

• च (ca) - and

• एव (eva) - indeed, just, very, only

• निर्विकारौ (nirvikārau) - without showing any change or reaction (changeless, unmoved, undisturbed)

• तम् (tam) - him (the sage Viśvāmitra) (him, that)

• ऊहतुः (ūhatuḥ) - they two carried

Words meanings and morphology

तौ (tau) - those two (elephants) (those two)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the two elephants mentioned implicitly from the previous verse.

तीक्ष्णाग्रेण (tīkṣṇāgreṇa) - with a sharp-pointed (goad) (with a sharp point, sharp-pointed)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tīkṣṇāgra

tīkṣṇāgra - sharp-pointed, having a sharp tip

Compound of 'tīkṣṇa' (sharp) and 'agra' (point, tip).

Compound type : tatpurusha (tīkṣṇa+agra)

• tīkṣṇa – sharp, keen, piercing
  adjective
• agra – point, tip, top
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'pratodena'.

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, quickly, by force

(indeclinable)

प्रतोदेन (pratodena) - with a goad, with a driving stick

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of pratoda

pratoda - goad, driving stick

Derived from √tud (to push, strike) with prefix 'pra'.

Prefix: pra

Root: tud (class 6)

प्रचोदितौ (pracoditau) - urged (by the goad) (urged, impelled, incited)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of pracodita

pracodita - urged, impelled, incited, driven

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √cud (to urge, impel) with prefix 'pra'.

Prefix: pra

Root: cud (class 10)

Note: Agrees with 'tau' (the two elephants).

पृष्ठे (pṛṣṭhe) - on the back

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of pṛṣṭha

pṛṣṭha - back (of body), surface, rear

विद्धौ (viddhau) - pricked (by the goad) (pierced, struck, wounded)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of viddha

viddha - pierced, struck, wounded

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √vyadh (to pierce, strike).

Root: vyadh (class 4)

Note: Agrees with 'tau' (the two elephants).

कटे (kaṭe) - on the flank, hip, temple (of elephant)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kaṭa

kaṭa - hip, flank, temple of an elephant, mat

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, just, very, only

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the pricking on the flank as well.

निर्विकारौ (nirvikārau) - without showing any change or reaction (changeless, unmoved, undisturbed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of nirvikāra

nirvikāra - unchanging, unalterable, undisturbed, passionless

Compound of 'nis' (without) and 'vikāra' (change, alteration).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (nis+vikāra)

• nis – without, out, away
  prefix
  Prepositional prefix indicating negation or absence.
• vikāra – change, alteration, transformation, emotion, perturbation
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from √kṛ (to do, make) with prefix 'vi'.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Agrees with 'tau' (the two elephants).

तम् (tam) - him (the sage Viśvāmitra) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

ऊहतुः (ūhatuḥ) - they two carried

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, perfect (liṭ) of vah

Perfect 3rd person dual active

Perfect tense form of √vah.

Root: vah (class 1)