महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-330, verse-49

क्षिप्तश्च सहसा रुद्रे खण्डनं प्राप्तवांस्तदा ।
ततोऽहं खण्डपरशुः स्मृतः परशुखण्डनात् ॥४९॥

49. kṣiptaśca sahasā rudre khaṇḍanaṁ prāptavāṁstadā ,
tato'haṁ khaṇḍaparaśuḥ smṛtaḥ paraśukhaṇḍanāt.

49. kṣiptaḥ ca sahasā rudre khaṇḍanam prāptavān tadā
tataḥ aham khaṇḍaparaśuḥ smṛtaḥ paraśukhaṇḍanāt

49. And suddenly, when it was thrown at Rudra, it was then shattered. From that incident, I became known as Khaṇḍaparaśu ('Broken-Axe') because of the axe's shattering.

Words meanings summery:

• क्षिप्तः (kṣiptaḥ) - thrown, hurled, cast

• च (ca) - and, also

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, unexpectedly, forcibly

• रुद्रे (rudre) - at Rudra, in Rudra

• खण्डनम् (khaṇḍanam) - breaking, shattering, cutting, refutation

• प्राप्तवान् (prāptavān) - obtained, received, acquired

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, from that, therefore

• अहम् (aham) - I

• खण्डपरशुः (khaṇḍaparaśuḥ) - The one known as 'Broken-Axe', an epithet of Shiva. (one whose axe is broken, or he who wields a broken axe)

• स्मृतः (smṛtaḥ) - remembered, called, known as, considered

• परशुखण्डनात् (paraśukhaṇḍanāt) - from the breaking/shattering of the axe

Words meanings and morphology

क्षिप्तः (kṣiptaḥ) - thrown, hurled, cast

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣipta

kṣipta - thrown, cast, hurled

Past Passive Participle

From root √kṣip (to throw)

Root: kṣip (class 6)

Note: Qualifies the implied object (e.g., weapon or axe) that was thrown.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, unexpectedly, forcibly

(indeclinable)

Adverbial form, instrumental of 'sahasa' (force, power)

रुद्रे (rudre) - at Rudra, in Rudra

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rudra

rudra - Rudra (a fierce deity, later identified with Shiva)

Root: rud (class 2)

Note: Indicates the target of the throw.

खण्डनम् (khaṇḍanam) - breaking, shattering, cutting, refutation

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of khaṇḍana

khaṇḍana - breaking, shattering, cutting, refutation

Derived from root √khaṇḍ (to break, divide)

Root: khaṇḍ (class 10)

Note: Object of 'prāptavān'.

प्राप्तवान् (prāptavān) - obtained, received, acquired

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prāptavat

prāptavat - one who has obtained/received

Past Active Participle

From 'pra-' + root '√āp' (to obtain). Suffix 'ktavatu'.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: The subject is implied (the weapon/axe).

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

Adverb of time

ततः (tataḥ) - then, from that, therefore

(indeclinable)

Adverb or particle indicating consequence/origin

अहम् (aham) - I

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

First person pronoun

Note: Refers to the speaker, likely Shiva or an incarnation.

खण्डपरशुः (khaṇḍaparaśuḥ) - The one known as 'Broken-Axe', an epithet of Shiva. (one whose axe is broken, or he who wields a broken axe)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of khaṇḍaparaśu

khaṇḍaparaśu - having a broken axe, he whose axe is broken (an epithet of Shiva)

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (khaṇḍa+paraśu)

• khaṇḍa – broken, piece, fragment
  noun (neuter)
  From root √khaṇḍ
  Root: khaṇḍ (class 10)
• paraśu – axe, hatchet
  noun (masculine)

Note: Predicate nominative for 'aham'.

स्मृतः (smṛtaḥ) - remembered, called, known as, considered

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of smṛta

smṛta - remembered, recollected, called, known as

Past Passive Participle

From root √smṛ (to remember)

Root: smṛ (class 1)

Note: Acts as a verb in this context, 'I am called/known as'.

परशुखण्डनात् (paraśukhaṇḍanāt) - from the breaking/shattering of the axe

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of paraśukhaṇḍana

paraśukhaṇḍana - breaking of an axe

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (paraśu+khaṇḍana)

• paraśu – axe, hatchet
  noun (masculine)
• khaṇḍana – breaking, shattering, cutting
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root √khaṇḍ
  Root: khaṇḍ (class 10)

Note: Indicates the reason or origin.