महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-30, verse-23

कथं पारमगत्वा हि युद्धे त्वं वै जिजीविषुः ।
इमान्निपतितान्दृष्ट्वा पुत्रान्भ्रातॄन्पितॄंस्तथा ॥२३॥

23. kathaṁ pāramagatvā hi yuddhe tvaṁ vai jijīviṣuḥ ,
imānnipatitāndṛṣṭvā putrānbhrātṝnpitṝṁstathā.

23. katham pāram agatvā hi yuddhe tvam vai jijīviṣuḥ
imān nipatitān dṛṣṭvā putrān bhrātṝn pitṝn tathā

23. tvam vai imān putrān bhrātṝn pitṝn tathā nipatitān
dṛṣṭvā yuddhe pāram agatvā hi katham jijīviṣuḥ

23. Having seen these sons, brothers, and paternal figures fallen, how can you, indeed, wish to live without having brought the battle to its conclusion?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

• पारम् (pāram) - the conclusion (of the battle) (the opposite bank, the far shore, the end, the conclusion)

• अगत्वा (agatvā) - without having gone, having not reached

• हि (hi) - surely, indeed, because

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle, in war

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• वै (vai) - indeed, surely, verily

• जिजीविषुः (jijīviṣuḥ) - desirous of living, wishing to live

• इमान् (imān) - these

• निपतितान् (nipatitān) - fallen, struck down, slain

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, having perceived

• पुत्रान् (putrān) - sons

• भ्रातॄन् (bhrātṝn) - brothers

• पितॄन् (pitṝn) - fathers, elders, paternal figures

• तथा (tathā) - and, thus, similarly

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

(indeclinable)

पारम् (pāram) - the conclusion (of the battle) (the opposite bank, the far shore, the end, the conclusion)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pāra

pāra - opposite bank, far shore, end, conclusion, limit

अगत्वा (agatvā) - without having gone, having not reached

(indeclinable)

Gerund with negative prefix

Derived from the root 'gam' (to go) with the suffix '-tvā' (absolutive/gerund) and the negative prefix 'a-'

Prefix: a

Root: gam (class 1)

हि (hi) - surely, indeed, because

(indeclinable)

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle, in war

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of tvam

yuṣmad - you (singular)

2nd person pronoun, nominative singular

वै (vai) - indeed, surely, verily

(indeclinable)

जिजीविषुः (jijīviṣuḥ) - desirous of living, wishing to live

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jijīviṣu

jijīviṣu - desirous of living, wishing to live

Desiderative Participle

Formed from the desiderative stem of the root 'jīv' (to live)

Root: jīv (class 1)

इमान् (imān) - these

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of idam

idam - this, these

Demonstrative pronoun

निपतितान् (nipatitān) - fallen, struck down, slain

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of nipatita

nipatita - fallen, struck down, slain

Past Passive Participle

Formed from the root 'pat' (to fall) with the prefix 'ni-' and the suffix '-ta'

Prefix: ni

Root: pat (class 1)

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, having perceived

(indeclinable)

Gerund

Absolutive participle from the root 'dṛś' (to see)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

पुत्रान् (putrān) - sons

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of putra

putra - son, child

भ्रातॄन् (bhrātṝn) - brothers

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

पितॄन् (pitṝn) - fathers, elders, paternal figures

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of pitṛ

pitṛ - father, ancestor, elder

तथा (tathā) - and, thus, similarly

(indeclinable)