महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-15, verse-1

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच ।
कथं कुरूणामृषभो हतो भीष्मः शिखण्डिना ।
कथं रथात्स न्यपतत्पिता मे वासवोपमः ॥१॥

1. dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca ,
kathaṁ kurūṇāmṛṣabho hato bhīṣmaḥ śikhaṇḍinā ,
kathaṁ rathātsa nyapatatpitā me vāsavopamaḥ.

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca katham kurūṇām ṛṣabhaḥ hataḥ bhīṣmaḥ
śikhaṇḍinā katham rathāt saḥ nyapatat pitā me vāsavopamaḥ

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca katham kurūṇām ṛṣabhaḥ bhīṣmaḥ śikhaṇḍinā
hataḥ katham vāsavopamaḥ me pitā saḥ rathāt nyapatat

1. Dhritarashtra said: "How was Bhishma, the foremost (ṛṣabha) among the Kurus, killed by Shikhandin? How did my father-figure, who was comparable to Vasava (Indra), fall from his chariot?"

Words meanings summery:

• धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• कुरूणाम् (kurūṇām) - of the Kurus

• ऋषभः (ṛṣabhaḥ) - bull, chief, best, foremost

• हतः (hataḥ) - killed, struck, smitten

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma

• शिखण्डिना (śikhaṇḍinā) - by Shikhandin

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• रथात् (rathāt) - from the chariot

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• न्यपतत् (nyapatat) - fell down

• पिता (pitā) - Refers to Bhishma, who was a father-figure to Dhritarashtra (father)

• मे (me) - my, to me

• वासवोपमः (vāsavopamaḥ) - comparable to Vasava, like Indra

Words meanings and morphology

धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhritarashtra (proper name), one who holds the kingdom

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (dhṛta+rāṣṭra)

• dhṛta – held, borne, maintained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rāṣṭra – kingdom, country, realm
  noun (neuter)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

कुरूणाम् (kurūṇām) - of the Kurus

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kuru

kuru - a Kuru (member of the Kuru dynasty), a country or people

ऋषभः (ṛṣabhaḥ) - bull, chief, best, foremost

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ṛṣabha

ṛṣabha - bull, chief, best, foremost, a leading man

हतः (hataḥ) - killed, struck, smitten

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of hata

hata - killed, struck, destroyed, injured

Past Passive Participle

Root: han (class 2)

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (proper name), terrible, formidable, awful

शिखण्डिना (śikhaṇḍinā) - by Shikhandin

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śikhaṇḍin

śikhaṇḍin - Shikhandin (proper name), peacock

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

रथात् (rathāt) - from the chariot

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot, car, vehicle

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

न्यपतत् (nyapatat) - fell down

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of pat

Prefix: ni

Root: pat (class 1)

पिता (pitā) - Refers to Bhishma, who was a father-figure to Dhritarashtra (father)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pitṛ

pitṛ - father, male ancestor, protector

मे (me) - my, to me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Note: Enclitic form of the first person pronoun 'asmad'.

वासवोपमः (vāsavopamaḥ) - comparable to Vasava, like Indra

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vāsavopama

vāsavopama - like Vasava, resembling Indra

Compound type : Upamāna Pūrva-pada Bahuvrīhi (vāsava+upama)

• vāsava – Indra (name of a deity), lord of the Vasus
  proper noun (masculine)
• upama – resembling, similar, comparison
  adjective (masculine)