महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-1, verse-75

न तु त्वया कृतं पार्थ नापि दुर्योधनेन वै ।
कालेन तत्कृतं विद्धि विहता येन पार्थिवाः ॥७५॥

75. na tu tvayā kṛtaṁ pārtha nāpi duryodhanena vai ,
kālena tatkṛtaṁ viddhi vihatā yena pārthivāḥ.

75. na tu tvayā kṛtam pārtha na api duryodhanena vai
kālena tat kṛtam viddhi vihatā yena pārthivāḥ

75. pārtha,
tat tvayā kṛtam na tu,
na api duryodhanena vai.
yena pārthivāḥ vihatāḥ,
tat kālena kṛtam viddhi

75. But it was not done by you, O Partha, nor indeed by Duryodhana. Know that it was done by Time (Kāla), by whom these kings were struck down.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - It was not done by you (not, no)

• तु (tu) - Emphasizing the contrast (but, however, indeed)

• त्वया (tvayā) - By you, Yudhishthira (by you)

• कृतम् (kṛtam) - The killing of the kings was done (done, made)

• पार्थ (pārtha) - Addressed to Yudhishthira, as a son of Kunti (O son of Pritha (Kunti), O Arjuna)

• न (na) - Nor by Duryodhana (not, no)

• अपि (api) - Nor even by Duryodhana (also, even, too)

• दुर्योधनेन (duryodhanena) - The war was not caused by Duryodhana alone (by Duryodhana)

• वै (vai) - Emphasizes the statement (indeed, verily, surely)

• कालेन (kālena) - The destruction was caused by Time (kāla) (by Time)

• तत् (tat) - That (referring to the killing of kings) (that, it)

• कृतम् (kṛtam) - The killing was done by Time (done, made)

• विद्धि (viddhi) - You (imperative, 2nd person singular) know (know, understand)

• विहताः (vihatāḥ) - The kings were struck down (struck down, destroyed, killed)

• येन (yena) - By whom (Time) the kings were struck down (by whom, by which)

• पार्थिवाः (pārthivāḥ) - The kings (like the Kauravas and Pandavas) (kings, earthly rulers)

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - It was not done by you (not, no)

(indeclinable)

तु (tu) - Emphasizing the contrast (but, however, indeed)

(indeclinable)

त्वया (tvayā) - By you, Yudhishthira (by you)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of tvam

tvam - you

Note: From 'you' (tvam)

कृतम् (kṛtam) - The killing of the kings was done (done, made)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kṛta

kṛta - done, made, performed

past passive participle

past passive participle of √kṛ

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Used impersonally or as object of 'viddhi'

पार्थ (pārtha) - Addressed to Yudhishthira, as a son of Kunti (O son of Pritha (Kunti), O Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pritha (Kunti), Arjuna, Yudhishthira

patronymic from Pṛthā

Note: Vocative case, addressing Yudhishthira

न (na) - Nor by Duryodhana (not, no)

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - Nor even by Duryodhana (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

दुर्योधनेन (duryodhanena) - The war was not caused by Duryodhana alone (by Duryodhana)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (a proper name, lit. 'hard to fight with')

Note: From Duryodhana

वै (vai) - Emphasizes the statement (indeed, verily, surely)

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle

कालेन (kālena) - The destruction was caused by Time (kāla) (by Time)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, suitable time

तत् (tat) - That (referring to the killing of kings) (that, it)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it

Note: Refers to the act of 'kṛtam'

कृतम् (kṛtam) - The killing was done by Time (done, made)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kṛta

kṛta - done, made, performed

past passive participle

past passive participle of √kṛ

Root: kṛ (class 8)

विद्धि (viddhi) - You (imperative, 2nd person singular) know (know, understand)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of vid

imperative active

2nd person singular imperative active of √vid (class 2 'to know')

Root: vid (class 2)

विहताः (vihatāḥ) - The kings were struck down (struck down, destroyed, killed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vihata

vihata - struck down, killed, injured, frustrated

past passive participle

past passive participle of vi + √han

Prefix: vi

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Qualifies 'pārthivāḥ'

येन (yena) - By whom (Time) the kings were struck down (by whom, by which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Refers to 'kālena'

पार्थिवाः (pārthivāḥ) - The kings (like the Kauravas and Pandavas) (kings, earthly rulers)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pārthiva

pārthiva - king, earthly ruler, son of earth

Note: Subject of the passive construction