महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-1, verse-5

अतः कष्टतरं किं नु मत्कृते यत्पितामहः ।
इमामवस्थां गमितः प्रत्यमित्रै रणाजिरे ।
तथैवान्ये नृपतयः सहपुत्राः सबान्धवाः ॥५॥

5. ataḥ kaṣṭataraṁ kiṁ nu matkṛte yatpitāmahaḥ ,
imāmavasthāṁ gamitaḥ pratyamitrai raṇājire ,
tathaivānye nṛpatayaḥ sahaputrāḥ sabāndhavāḥ.

5. ataḥ kaṣṭataram kim nu matkṛte yat
pitāmahaḥ imām avasthām gamitaḥ
pratyamitraiḥ raṇājire tathā eva anye
nṛpatayaḥ sahaputrāḥ sabāndhavāḥ

5. yat matkṛte pitāmahaḥ imām avasthām pratyamitraiḥ raṇājire gamitaḥ,
tathā eva anye nṛpatayaḥ sahaputrāḥ sabāndhavāḥ,
ataḥ kim nu kaṣṭataram?

5. What could be more distressing than this, that for my sake, grandfather (Bhīṣma) has been reduced to this condition by adversaries on the battlefield? And similarly, other kings, along with their sons and relatives, [are in a similar plight].

Words meanings summery:

• अतः (ataḥ) - therefore (from this, therefore, hence)

• कष्टतरम् (kaṣṭataram) - more distressing (more painful, more grievous, more difficult)

• किम् (kim) - what indeed? (what?)

• नु (nu) - indeed (emphasizing the question) (indeed, now, then, surely)

• मत्कृते (matkṛte) - for my sake (for my sake, on my account)

• यत् (yat) - that (introducing a clause explaining the reason for distress) (which, that, because, since)

• पितामहः (pitāmahaḥ) - grandfather (Bhīṣma) (grandfather, paternal grandfather)

• इमाम् (imām) - this (this (feminine accusative singular))

• अवस्थाम् (avasthām) - state, condition (state, condition, situation)

• गमितः (gamitaḥ) - reduced to (made to go, brought, reduced to)

• प्रत्यमित्रैः (pratyamitraiḥ) - by adversaries (by enemies, by adversaries)

• रणाजिरे (raṇājire) - on the battlefield (in the battlefield, in the arena of war)

• तथा (tathā) - similarly (thus, so, in that manner)

• एव (eva) - indeed, even (for emphasis) (only, just, indeed, even, exactly)

• अन्ये (anye) - other (other, various)

• नृपतयः (nṛpatayaḥ) - kings (kings, rulers)

• सहपुत्राः (sahaputrāḥ) - along with their sons (with sons, accompanied by sons)

• सबान्धवाः (sabāndhavāḥ) - and relatives (with relatives, accompanied by relatives)

Words meanings and morphology

अतः (ataḥ) - therefore (from this, therefore, hence)

(indeclinable)

Avyaya formed from idam + tasil pratyaya

कष्टतरम् (kaṣṭataram) - more distressing (more painful, more grievous, more difficult)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kaṣṭatara

kaṣṭatara - more painful, more grievous, more difficult (comparative of kaṣṭa)

Comparative suffix "-tara" added to "kaṣṭa"

Note: Could also be accusative singular neuter, but here likely nominative as predicate of "kim".

किम् (kim) - what indeed? (what?)

(interrogative pronoun)

नु (nu) - indeed (emphasizing the question) (indeed, now, then, surely)

(indeclinable)

मत्कृते (matkṛte) - for my sake (for my sake, on my account)

(indeclinable)

Note: The word 'mat' (from 'mad', genitive of 'aham') is combined with 'kṛte'.

यत् (yat) - that (introducing a clause explaining the reason for distress) (which, that, because, since)

(indeclinable)

Note: Acts as a conjunction to introduce the clause that explains 'kaṣṭataram'.

पितामहः (pitāmahaḥ) - grandfather (Bhīṣma) (grandfather, paternal grandfather)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather; Brahma (as grandfather of creation)

Note: Refers to Bhīṣma in the context of the Mahābhārata.

इमाम् (imām) - this (this (feminine accusative singular))

(demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Modifies 'avasthām'.

अवस्थाम् (avasthām) - state, condition (state, condition, situation)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of avasthā

avasthā - state, condition, situation, position

From 'ava' (down) + root 'sthā' (to stand)

Prefix: ava

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Object of the implied action of "being brought to".

गमितः (gamitaḥ) - reduced to (made to go, brought, reduced to)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gamita

gamita - made to go, caused to go, brought, reduced to

Past Passive Participle (causative)

From causative stem of root 'gam' (to go) + past passive participle suffix 'kta' (-ita)

Root: gam (class 1)

प्रत्यमित्रैः (pratyamitraiḥ) - by adversaries (by enemies, by adversaries)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of pratyamitra

pratyamitra - enemy, adversary

Compound of 'prati' (against) + 'amitra' (not a friend, enemy)

Compound type : tatpurusha (prati+amitra)

• prati – against, towards, in return
  indeclinable
• amitra – enemy, not a friend
  noun (masculine)
  From 'a' (not) + 'mitra' (friend)

Note: Denotes the agent of the passive verb 'gamitaḥ'.

रणाजिरे (raṇājire) - on the battlefield (in the battlefield, in the arena of war)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of raṇājira

raṇājira - battlefield, arena of war

Compound of 'raṇa' (battle) + 'ajira' (court, arena, ground)

Compound type : tatpurusha (raṇa+ajira)

• raṇa – battle, combat, war
  noun (masculine)
  Root: raṇ (class 1)
• ajira – court, courtyard, arena, ground, swift
  noun (neuter)
  Root: aj (class 1)

Note: Specifies the location of the action.

तथा (tathā) - similarly (thus, so, in that manner)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, even (for emphasis) (only, just, indeed, even, exactly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Forms 'tathaiva' with 'tathā'.

अन्ये (anye) - other (other, various)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of anya

anya - other, different, another

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpatayaḥ'.

नृपतयः (nṛpatayaḥ) - kings (kings, rulers)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nṛpati

nṛpati - king, ruler (lord of men)

Compound of 'nṛ' (man) + 'pati' (lord, master)

Compound type : tatpurusha (nṛ+pati)

• nṛ – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• pati – lord, master, husband
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of the implied verb.

सहपुत्राः (sahaputrāḥ) - along with their sons (with sons, accompanied by sons)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sahaputra

sahaputra - having sons, with sons

Compound of 'saha' (with) + 'putra' (son)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (saha+putra)

• saha – with, together with
  indeclinable
• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to 'nṛpatayaḥ'.

सबान्धवाः (sabāndhavāḥ) - and relatives (with relatives, accompanied by relatives)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sabāndhava

sabāndhava - having relatives, with relatives

Compound of 'saha' (with) + 'bāndhava' (relative, kinsman)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (saha+bāndhava)

• saha – with, together with
  indeclinable
• bāndhava – relative, kinsman, friend
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to 'nṛpatayaḥ'.