महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-31, verse-37

अथ तं रथमायान्तं दृष्ट्वात्यद्भुतदर्शनम् ।
उवाचाधिरथिं शल्यः पुनस्तं युद्धदुर्मदम् ॥३७॥

37. atha taṁ rathamāyāntaṁ dṛṣṭvātyadbhutadarśanam ,
uvācādhirathiṁ śalyaḥ punastaṁ yuddhadurmadam.

37. atha tam ratham āyāntam dṛṣṭvā atyadbhutadarśanam
uvāca ādhiraathim śalyaḥ punaḥ tam yuddhadurmadam

37. atha śalyaḥ tam atyadbhutadarśanam āyāntam ratham
dṛṣṭvā tam yuddhadurmadam ādhiraathim punaḥ uvāca

37. Then, having seen that approaching chariot, which had an exceedingly wondrous appearance, Shalya again spoke to Adhirathi (Karṇa), who was fierce in battle.

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - marking a new narrative point (then, now, moreover)

• तम् (tam) - that (chariot) (that, him, it)

• रथम् (ratham) - chariot

• आयान्तम् (āyāntam) - coming, approaching

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• अत्यद्भुतदर्शनम् (atyadbhutadarśanam) - describing the chariot's appearance (having an exceedingly wonderful appearance/sight)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• आधिरअथिम् (ādhiraathim) - Karṇa, the charioteer's son (son of Adhiratha; Karṇa)

• शल्यः (śalyaḥ) - The charioteer of Karṇa. (Shalya)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, further, moreover

• तम् (tam) - to him (Adhirathi/Karṇa) (that, him, it)

• युद्धदुर्मदम् (yuddhadurmadam) - describing Karṇa's nature (maddened by battle, fierce in battle)

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - marking a new narrative point (then, now, moreover)

(indeclinable)

तम् (tam) - that (chariot) (that, him, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Adjective modifying ratham.

रथम् (ratham) - chariot

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot

Note: Object of dṛṣṭvā, coreferential with āyāntam.

आयान्तम् (āyāntam) - coming, approaching

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āyānt

āyānt - coming, approaching

Present Active Participle

From root 'yā' (to go) with upasarga 'ā'. Present participle, masculine, singular, accusative.

Prefix: ā

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Adjective modifying ratham.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'dṛś' (to see)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

अत्यद्भुतदर्शनम् (atyadbhutadarśanam) - describing the chariot's appearance (having an exceedingly wonderful appearance/sight)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of atyadbhutadarśana

atyadbhutadarśana - of very wonderful sight, exceedingly wondrous in appearance

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ati+adbhuta+darśana)

• ati – over, beyond, excessively, very
  indeclinable
• adbhuta – wonderful, miraculous, astonishing
  adjective (masculine)
• darśana – seeing, sight, appearance, vision
  noun (neuter)
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Adjective modifying ratham.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice. Root 'vac' changes to 'uvāca' in perfect.

Root: vac (class 2)

आधिरअथिम् (ādhiraathim) - Karṇa, the charioteer's son (son of Adhiratha; Karṇa)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ādhiraathi

ādhiraathi - son of Adhiratha (a proper name for Karṇa)

Patronymic from Adhiratha

Note: Object of 'spoke'.

शल्यः (śalyaḥ) - The charioteer of Karṇa. (Shalya)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śalya

śalya - arrow, dart; a proper name (king of Madras)

Note: Subject of 'spoke'.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, further, moreover

(indeclinable)

तम् (tam) - to him (Adhirathi/Karṇa) (that, him, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Adjective modifying ādhiraathim.

युद्धदुर्मदम् (yuddhadurmadam) - describing Karṇa's nature (maddened by battle, fierce in battle)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yuddhadurmada

yuddhadurmada - intoxicated by battle, fierce in combat

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (yuddha+durmada)

• yuddha – battle, fight, war
  noun (neuter)
  Root: yudh (class 4)
• durmada – intoxicated, furious, arrogant
  adjective (masculine)
  Prefix: dur
  Root: mad (class 4)

Note: Adjective modifying Karṇa (ādhiraathim).