महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-31, verse-39

श्रूयते तुमुलः शब्दो रथनेमिस्वनो महान् ।
एष रेणुः समुद्भूतो दिवमावृत्य तिष्ठति ॥३९॥

39. śrūyate tumulaḥ śabdo rathanemisvano mahān ,
eṣa reṇuḥ samudbhūto divamāvṛtya tiṣṭhati.

39. śrūyate tumulaḥ śabdaḥ rathanemisvanaḥ mahān
eṣaḥ reṇuḥ samudbhūtaḥ divam āvṛtya tiṣṭhati

39. tumulaḥ mahān rathanemisvanaḥ śabdaḥ śrūyate
eṣaḥ samudbhūtaḥ reṇuḥ divam āvṛtya tiṣṭhati

39. A great and tumultuous sound of chariot wheels is heard. This dust, which has risen, stands covering the sky.

Words meanings summery:

• श्रूयते (śrūyate) - is heard, is perceived

• तुमुलः (tumulaḥ) - describing the sound (tumultuous, agitated, loud, mighty)

• शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, noise, word

• रथनेमिस्वनः (rathanemisvanaḥ) - sound of chariot wheels

• महान् (mahān) - describing the sound (great, large, mighty)

• एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (dust) (this (masculine))

• रेणुः (reṇuḥ) - dust, pollen

• समुद्भूतः (samudbhūtaḥ) - referring to the dust that has risen (arisen, produced, generated)

• दिवम् (divam) - sky, heaven

• आवृत्य (āvṛtya) - having covered, having enveloped

• तिष्ठति (tiṣṭhati) - stands, remains, stays

Words meanings and morphology

श्रूयते (śrūyate) - is heard, is perceived

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of śru

Present Middle/Passive

Present tense, 3rd person singular, middle/passive voice. Root 'śru' in class 5.

Root: śru (class 5)

तुमुलः (tumulaḥ) - describing the sound (tumultuous, agitated, loud, mighty)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tumula

tumula - tumultuous, noisy, agitated, great

Note: Adjective modifying śabdaḥ.

शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, noise, word

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - sound, noise, word

Note: Subject of śrūyate.

रथनेमिस्वनः (rathanemisvanaḥ) - sound of chariot wheels

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rathanemisvana

rathanemisvana - sound of chariot wheels

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+nemi+svana)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• nemi – felloe (rim) of a wheel
  noun (feminine)
• svana – sound, noise
  noun (masculine)
  Root: svan (class 1)

Note: Acts as an adjective or appositive to śabdaḥ.

महान् (mahān) - describing the sound (great, large, mighty)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, mighty, important

Note: Adjective modifying śabdaḥ.

एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (dust) (this (masculine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this, he, she, it

Note: Adjective modifying reṇuḥ.

रेणुः (reṇuḥ) - dust, pollen

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of reṇu

reṇu - dust, sand, pollen

Note: Subject of tiṣṭhati.

समुद्भूतः (samudbhūtaḥ) - referring to the dust that has risen (arisen, produced, generated)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samudbhūta

samudbhūta - arisen, produced, manifested

Past Passive Participle

From root 'bhū' (to be, become) with upasargas 'sam' and 'ud'.

Prefixes: sam+ud

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Adjective modifying reṇuḥ.

दिवम् (divam) - sky, heaven

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of div

div - sky, heaven, day

Note: Object of āvṛtya.

आवृत्य (āvṛtya) - having covered, having enveloped

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'vṛ' (to cover) with upasarga 'ā'. Formed with 'lyap' suffix because of the prefix.

Prefix: ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

तिष्ठति (tiṣṭhati) - stands, remains, stays

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of sthā

Present Active

Present tense, 3rd person singular, active voice. Root 'sthā' in class 1, takes prefix 'tiṣṭh' in present stem.

Root: sthā (class 1)