महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-297, verse-31

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
स्वाध्याय एषां देवत्वं तप एषां सतामिव ।
मरणं मानुषो भावः परिवादोऽसतामिव ॥३१॥

31. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
svādhyāya eṣāṁ devatvaṁ tapa eṣāṁ satāmiva ,
maraṇaṁ mānuṣo bhāvaḥ parivādo'satāmiva.

31. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca | svādhyāyaḥ eṣām devatvam tapaḥ eṣām
satām iva | maraṇam mānuṣaḥ bhāvaḥ parivādaḥ asatām iva

31. Yudhiṣṭhira replied: Self-study of the Vedas (svādhyāya) is their divinity. Austerity (tapas) is their characteristic, like that of the virtuous. Mortality is their human nature. And slander is characteristic of those who are not virtuous.

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava brother)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• स्वाध्यायः (svādhyāyaḥ) - self-study, recitation of one's own Veda

• एषाम् (eṣām) - of these Brahmins (of them, of these)

• देवत्वम् (devatvam) - divinity, godhood, godliness

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance, heat

• एषाम् (eṣām) - of these Brahmins (of them, of these)

• सताम् (satām) - of the good, of the virtuous, of the righteous

• इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

• मरणम् (maraṇam) - death, dying, mortality

• मानुषः (mānuṣaḥ) - human, belonging to humans

• भावः (bhāvaḥ) - human nature (state, nature, condition, existence)

• परिवादः (parivādaḥ) - slander, censure, blame

• असताम् (asatām) - of the non-existent, of the bad, of the non-virtuous

• इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava brother)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira, steady in battle

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Tense

Root `vac` takes reduplication for perfect (uvāca)

Root: vac (class 2)

स्वाध्यायः (svādhyāyaḥ) - self-study, recitation of one's own Veda

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of svādhyāya

svādhyāya - self-study, recitation of one's own sacred texts (Vedas)

Compound of `sva` (self, own) and `adhyāya` (study, reading). `adhyāya` is derived from `adhi` + root `i` (to go, to study)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+adhyāya)

• sva – self, own
  pronoun (masculine)
• adhyāya – study, reading, lesson, chapter
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from prefix `adhi` and root `i` with `ghañ` suffix
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: i (class 2)

एषाम् (eṣām) - of these Brahmins (of them, of these)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine/neuter, plural of idam

idam - this, these

देवत्वम् (devatvam) - divinity, godhood, godliness

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of devatva

devatva - divinity, godhood, divine nature

Derived from `deva` (god) + `tva` (suffix for 'state of being')

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance, heat

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, spiritual fervor, heat

Root: tap (class 1)

एषाम् (eṣām) - of these Brahmins (of them, of these)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine/neuter, plural of idam

idam - this, these

सताम् (satām) - of the good, of the virtuous, of the righteous

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of sant

sant - being, existing, good, virtuous, righteous, noble

Present Active Participle

Present participle of root `as` (to be)

Root: as (class 2)

इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

(indeclinable)

मरणम् (maraṇam) - death, dying, mortality

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of maraṇa

maraṇa - death, dying, mortality

Derived from root `mṛ` (to die)

Root: mṛ (class 6)

मानुषः (mānuṣaḥ) - human, belonging to humans

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mānuṣa

mānuṣa - human, human being, relating to man

Derived from `manuṣa` (man) + `aṇ` suffix

भावः (bhāvaḥ) - human nature (state, nature, condition, existence)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhāva

bhāva - being, existence, state, condition, nature, feeling, sentiment

Derived from root `bhū` (to be, to become) + `ghañ` suffix

Root: bhū (class 1)

परिवादः (parivādaḥ) - slander, censure, blame

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parivāda

parivāda - slander, censure, blame, reproach

Derived from prefix `pari` and root `vad` (to speak) + `ghañ` suffix

Compound type : prādi-samāsa (pari+vāda)

• pari – around, about, thoroughly, completely
  upasarga
• vāda – speaking, saying, doctrine, dispute, argument
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root `vad` (to speak) + `ghañ` suffix
  Root: vad (class 1)

असताम् (asatām) - of the non-existent, of the bad, of the non-virtuous

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of asant

asant - not being, non-existent, bad, wicked, non-virtuous

Present Active Participle (negated)

Negation of the present participle of root `as` (to be)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+sant)

• na – not, no
  indeclinable
• sant – being, existing, good, virtuous, righteous, noble
  adjective (masculine)
  Present Active Participle
  Present participle of root `as` (to be)
  Root: as (class 2)

इव (iva) - like, as, as it were

(indeclinable)