महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-258, verse-42

मेधातिथिर्महाप्राज्ञो गौतमस्तपसि स्थितः ।
विमृश्य तेन कालेन पत्न्याः संस्थाव्यतिक्रमम् ॥४२॥

42. medhātithirmahāprājño gautamastapasi sthitaḥ ,
vimṛśya tena kālena patnyāḥ saṁsthāvyatikramam.

42. medhātithiḥ mahāprājñaḥ gautamaḥ tapasi sthitaḥ
vimṛśya tena kālena patnyāḥ saṃsthāvyatikramam

42. mahāprājñaḥ medhātithiḥ gautamaḥ (yaḥ) tapasi sthitaḥ (āsīt),
(saḥ) tena kālena patnyāḥ saṃsthāvyatikramam vimṛśya.
.
.

42. Medhātithi, the greatly wise Gautama, who was devoted to spiritual austerity (tapas), having by that time reflected upon his wife's transgression of established conduct...

Words meanings summery:

• मेधातिथिः (medhātithiḥ) - Medhātithi (a proper name)

• महाप्राज्ञः (mahāprājñaḥ) - very wise, highly intelligent

• गौतमः (gautamaḥ) - Gautama (a proper name, family name)

• तपसि (tapasi) - in asceticism, in penance, in spiritual austerity

• स्थितः (sthitaḥ) - engaged (in asceticism) (situated, abiding, engaged, firm, standing)

• विमृश्य (vimṛśya) - having reflected, having deliberated, having considered

• तेन (tena) - by that, with that

• कालेन (kālena) - by time, in time, during the time, at that time

• पत्न्याः (patnyāḥ) - of his wife

• संस्थाव्यतिक्रमम् (saṁsthāvyatikramam) - transgression of established rule, violation of proper conduct, deviation from custom

Words meanings and morphology

मेधातिथिः (medhātithiḥ) - Medhātithi (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of medhātithi

medhātithi - Medhātithi (name of a sage)

Compound: `medhā` (intellect) + `atithi` (guest).

Note: Subject of the implied action (having reflected).

महाप्राज्ञः (mahāprājñaḥ) - very wise, highly intelligent

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāprājña

mahāprājña - very wise, highly intelligent, greatly discerning

Compound: `mahā` (great) + `prājña` (wise).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+prājña)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (masculine)
• prājña – wise, intelligent, discerning, knowing
  adjective (masculine)
  From `pra-√jñā` (to know well)
  Prefix: pra
  Root: jñā (class 9)

गौतमः (gautamaḥ) - Gautama (a proper name, family name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gautama

gautama - Gautama (name of a sage, descendant of Gotama)

Patronymic or clan name.

Note: Refers to the sage Medhātithi.

तपसि (tapasi) - in asceticism, in penance, in spiritual austerity

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - asceticism, penance, spiritual austerity, heat

`s`-stem neuter noun.

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Sanskrit term `tapas` included in translation.

स्थितः (sthitaḥ) - engaged (in asceticism) (situated, abiding, engaged, firm, standing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sthita

sthita - standing, situated, firm, engaged in, existing

Past Passive Participle

From root `sthā` (to stand) + participle suffix `kta`.

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Agrees with Medhātithi/Gautama.

विमृश्य (vimṛśya) - having reflected, having deliberated, having considered

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From prefix `vi` + root `mṛś` (to touch, consider) + gerund suffix `lyaP`.

Prefix: vi

Root: mṛś (class 6)

Note: The agent is Medhātithi.

तेन (tena) - by that, with that

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Agrees with `kālena`, indicating "by that time".

कालेन (kālena) - by time, in time, during the time, at that time

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, season, death

पत्न्याः (patnyāḥ) - of his wife

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of patnī

patnī - wife, mistress, female owner

From `pati` (master) + feminine suffix `ī`.

Note: Possessive, "his wife's".

संस्थाव्यतिक्रमम् (saṁsthāvyatikramam) - transgression of established rule, violation of proper conduct, deviation from custom

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saṃsthāvyatikrama

saṁsthāvyatikrama - transgression of custom, violation of rule, deviation from established order

Tatpurusha compound: `saṃsthā` (established rule) + `vyatikrama` (transgression).

Compound type : tatpurusha (saṃsthā+vyatikrama)

• saṃsthā – established rule, custom, institution, state, condition
  noun (feminine)
  From `sam-sthā` (to stand together, establish)
  Prefix: sam
  Root: sthā (class 1)
• vyatikrama – transgression, violation, passing over, deviation
  noun (masculine)
  From `vi-ati-kram` (to pass over, transgress)
  Prefixes: vi+ati
  Root: kram (class 1)