महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-2, verse-61

कथं च वः समेतानां मद्रराजो महाबलः ।
निहतः पाण्डवैः संख्ये पुत्रो वा मम संजय ॥६१॥

61. kathaṁ ca vaḥ sametānāṁ madrarājo mahābalaḥ ,
nihataḥ pāṇḍavaiḥ saṁkhye putro vā mama saṁjaya.

61. kathaṃ ca vaḥ sametānām madrarājaḥ mahābalaḥ
nihataḥ pāṇḍavaiḥ saṃkhye putraḥ vā mama saṃjaya

61. saṃjaya vaḥ sametānām mahābalaḥ madrarājaḥ
pāṇḍavaiḥ saṃkhye kathaṃ ca nihataḥ mama putraḥ vā

61. O Sañjaya, tell me, how was your mighty King of Madra, who was assembled with you all, slain by the Pāṇḍavas in battle? And what about my son [Duryodhana]?

Words meanings summery:

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how, in what manner

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• वः (vaḥ) - Refers to Dhritarashtra's generals/warriors on the Kaurava side. (of you (plural), your)

• समेतानाम् (sametānām) - Of your assembled warriors/generals. (of those who have assembled, of the gathered ones)

• मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - King Shalya of Madra. (king of Madra)

• महाबलः (mahābalaḥ) - Describing King Shalya's strength. (greatly powerful, mighty-armed, very strong)

• निहतः (nihataḥ) - Slain in battle. (slain, killed, struck down)

• पाण्डवैः (pāṇḍavaiḥ) - by the descendants of Pāṇḍu, by the Pāṇḍavas

• संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle, in combat, in war

• पुत्रः (putraḥ) - Refers to Dhritarashtra's son, Duryodhana. (son)

• वा (vā) - Connects the question about Shalya to the implicit question about Duryodhana. (or, and, indeed)

• मम (mama) - my, of me

• संजय (saṁjaya) - Dhritarashtra addresses his charioteer and narrator. (O Sañjaya)

Words meanings and morphology

कथं (kathaṁ) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

वः (vaḥ) - Refers to Dhritarashtra's generals/warriors on the Kaurava side. (of you (plural), your)

(pronoun)

Genitive, plural of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: The form 'vaḥ' is common for both genitive and dative plural. Here it's genitive modifying 'sametānām'.

समेतानाम् (sametānām) - Of your assembled warriors/generals. (of those who have assembled, of the gathered ones)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of sameta

sameta - assembled, met, joined

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `i` (to go) with prefix `sam-` and suffix `kta`.

Prefix: sam

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Modifies an implied noun like 'yodhānām' (of warriors) or acts as a substantivized adjective.

मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - King Shalya of Madra. (king of Madra)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of the Madras (a region and its people)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+rāja)

• madra – name of a country and its people
  proper noun (masculine)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of `nihataḥ`.

महाबलः (mahābalaḥ) - Describing King Shalya's strength. (greatly powerful, mighty-armed, very strong)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahābala

mahābala - greatly powerful, very strong

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+bala)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• bala – strength, power, force
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bal (class 10)

Note: Qualifies `madrarājaḥ`.

निहतः (nihataḥ) - Slain in battle. (slain, killed, struck down)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - slain, killed, destroyed

Past Passive Participle

From root `han` (to strike, kill) with prefix `ni-` and suffix `kta`.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Refers to `madrarājaḥ`.

पाण्डवैः (pāṇḍavaiḥ) - by the descendants of Pāṇḍu, by the Pāṇḍavas

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - son of Pāṇḍu, descendant of Pāṇḍu

`Pāṇḍu` + `aṇ` (patronymic suffix).

Note: Agent in a passive construction (`nihataḥ`).

संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle, in combat, in war

(noun)

Locative, masculine/neuter, singular of saṃkhya

saṁkhya - battle, combat, war

From `sam-` + `khyā` (to enumerate, distinguish), but often specifically meaning battle.

Root: khyā (class 2)

Note: Denotes the place/circumstance of the action.

पुत्रः (putraḥ) - Refers to Dhritarashtra's son, Duryodhana. (son)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

Note: Elliptical question, implies 'what about my son?'.

वा (vā) - Connects the question about Shalya to the implicit question about Duryodhana. (or, and, indeed)

(indeclinable)

मम (mama) - my, of me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I, me

Note: Possessive, modifies `putraḥ`.

संजय (saṁjaya) - Dhritarashtra addresses his charioteer and narrator. (O Sañjaya)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (proper name), victory, complete victory

From `sam-` + `ji` (to conquer).

Root: ji (class 1)