महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-2, verse-12

कथं त्वं पृथिवीपालान्भुक्त्वा तात समागतान् ।
शेषे विनिहतो भूमौ प्राकृतः कुनृपो यथा ॥१२॥

12. kathaṁ tvaṁ pṛthivīpālānbhuktvā tāta samāgatān ,
śeṣe vinihato bhūmau prākṛtaḥ kunṛpo yathā.

12. katham tvam pṛthivīpālān bhuktvā tāta samāgatān
śeṣe vinihataḥ bhūmau prākṛtaḥ kunṛpaḥ yathā

12. tāta,
katham tvam samāgatān pṛthivīpālān bhuktvā,
prākṛtaḥ kunṛpaḥ yathā,
bhūmau vinihataḥ śeṣe?

12. My dear son, how is it that you, after having ruled over the assembled kings (protectors of the earth), now lie slain on the ground like a common, wicked king?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how? why?

• त्वम् (tvam) - you, Duryodhana (you)

• पृथिवीपालान् (pṛthivīpālān) - the assembled kings (who served you) (the protectors of the earth, kings)

• भुक्त्वा (bhuktvā) - having ruled over (the kings) (having enjoyed, having consumed, having ruled over)

• तात (tāta) - O my dear son (Duryodhana) (O dear one, O son, O father)

• समागतान् (samāgatān) - the kings who had assembled (assembled, gathered, those who have come together)

• शेषे (śeṣe) - you (Duryodhana) lie dead (you lie down, you rest)

• विनिहतः (vinihataḥ) - Duryodhana, who was slain (slain, killed)

• भूमौ (bhūmau) - on the ground, on the earth

• प्राकृतः (prākṛtaḥ) - an ordinary king (ordinary, common, natural)

• कुनृपः (kunṛpaḥ) - bad king, wicked king

• यथा (yathā) - as, just as, like

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how? why?

(indeclinable)

त्वम् (tvam) - you, Duryodhana (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of tvam

tvam - you

पृथिवीपालान् (pṛthivīpālān) - the assembled kings (who served you) (the protectors of the earth, kings)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of pṛthivīpāla

pṛthivīpāla - protector of the earth, king, monarch

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pṛthivī+pāla)

• pṛthivī – earth, world
  noun (feminine)
• pāla – protector, guardian, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'pā' (to protect)
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Object of 'bhuktvā'.

भुक्त्वा (bhuktvā) - having ruled over (the kings) (having enjoyed, having consumed, having ruled over)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Absolutive form of root 'bhuj'

Root: bhuj (class 7)

Note: In this context, it implies 'having ruled over' or 'having enjoyed the resources/service of'.

तात (tāta) - O my dear son (Duryodhana) (O dear one, O son, O father)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - father, dear one (term of endearment used by elders to juniors, or juniors to elders)

समागतान् (samāgatān) - the kings who had assembled (assembled, gathered, those who have come together)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of samāgata

samāgata - come together, assembled, arrived

Past Passive Participle

From root 'gam' (to go) with prefixes 'sam' and 'ā'

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'pṛthivīpālān'.

शेषे (śeṣe) - you (Duryodhana) lie dead (you lie down, you rest)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of śī

Present Middle (Ātmanepada)

2nd person singular present middle (ātmanepada) of root 'śī'

Root: śī (class 2)

विनिहतः (vinihataḥ) - Duryodhana, who was slain (slain, killed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vinihata

vinihata - slain, killed, destroyed, defeated

Past Passive Participle

From root 'han' (to strike, to kill) with prefixes 'vi' and 'ni'

Prefixes: vi+ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

भूमौ (bhūmau) - on the ground, on the earth

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of bhūmi

bhūmi - earth, ground, land, soil

प्राकृतः (prākṛtaḥ) - an ordinary king (ordinary, common, natural)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prākṛta

prākṛta - natural, ordinary, common, vulgar

Note: Agrees with 'kunṛpaḥ'.

कुनृपः (kunṛpaḥ) - bad king, wicked king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kunṛpa

kunṛpa - bad king, wicked king, tyrant

Compound type : karmadhāraya (ku+nṛpa)

• ku – bad, evil, wicked
  indeclinable
• nṛpa – king, monarch
  noun (masculine)
  Compound 'nṛ' (man) + 'pa' (protector)

यथा (yathā) - as, just as, like

(indeclinable)