महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-10, chapter-1, verse-45

नाद्य शक्या मया हन्तुं पाण्डवा जितकाशिनः ।
बलवन्तः कृतोत्साहा लब्धलक्षाः प्रहारिणः ।
राज्ञः सकाशे तेषां च प्रतिज्ञातो वधो मया ॥४५॥

45. nādya śakyā mayā hantuṁ pāṇḍavā jitakāśinaḥ ,
balavantaḥ kṛtotsāhā labdhalakṣāḥ prahāriṇaḥ ,
rājñaḥ sakāśe teṣāṁ ca pratijñāto vadho mayā.

45. na adya śakyā mayā hantum pāṇḍavāḥ
jitakāśinaḥ balavantaḥ kṛtotsāhāḥ
labdhalakṣāḥ prahāriṇaḥ rājñaḥ
sakāśe teṣām ca pratijñātaḥ vadhaḥ mayā

45. adya mayā jitakāśinaḥ balavantaḥ
kṛtotsāhāḥ labdhalakṣāḥ prahāriṇaḥ
pāṇḍavāḥ hantum na śakyā ca mayā
rājñaḥ sakāśe teṣām vadhaḥ pratijñātaḥ

45. Today, the Pāṇḍavas, who are accustomed to victory, strong, highly resolute, have achieved their objective, and are formidable attackers, cannot be killed by me. Furthermore, their slaying was vowed by me in the presence of the king.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अद्य (adya) - today (at this moment, under current conditions) (today, now)

• शक्या (śakyā) - possible (referring to the act of killing) (possible, capable, able to be done/achieved)

• मया (mayā) - by me

• हन्तुम् (hantum) - to kill (to kill, to strike)

• पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pāṇḍavas (descendants of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas)

• जितकाशिनः (jitakāśinaḥ) - accustomed to victory (accustomed to victory, appearing victorious)

• बलवन्तः (balavantaḥ) - strong, powerful

• कृतोत्साहाः (kṛtotsāhāḥ) - highly motivated, resolute (highly resolute, full of enthusiasm, determined)

• लब्धलक्षाः (labdhalakṣāḥ) - having achieved their objective (having attained their objective, having achieved their goal)

• प्रहारिणः (prahāriṇaḥ) - formidable attackers (striking, attacking, powerful attackers)

• राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of the king (Duryodhana) (of the king)

• सकाशे (sakāśe) - in the presence of (in the presence of, near, with)

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - their (referring to the Pāṇḍavas) (of them, their)

• च (ca) - moreover, furthermore (and, also, moreover)

• प्रतिज्ञातः (pratijñātaḥ) - vowed, pledged (promised, vowed, declared)

• वधः (vadhaḥ) - slaying (killing, slaying, destruction)

• मया (mayā) - by me

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the possibility.

अद्य (adya) - today (at this moment, under current conditions) (today, now)

(indeclinable)

Note: Refers to the current time and circumstances.

शक्या (śakyā) - possible (referring to the act of killing) (possible, capable, able to be done/achieved)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of śakya

śakya - possible, capable, able to be done/achieved

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

Derived from root 'śak' (to be able) with suffix '-ya'.

Root: śak (class 5)

Note: Subject is an implied feminine noun like 'vadha-kriyā' (act of killing).

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Note: Agent in the passive construction.

हन्तुम् (hantum) - to kill (to kill, to strike)

(indeclinable)

infinitive

Derived from root 'han' with suffix '-tum'.

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Purpose/object of 'śakyā'.

पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pāṇḍavas (descendants of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu.

Note: Object of 'hantum'.

जितकाशिनः (jitakāśinaḥ) - accustomed to victory (accustomed to victory, appearing victorious)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jitakāśin

jitakāśin - accustomed to victory, appearing victorious

Compound: 'jita' (conquered, won) + 'kāśin' (shining, appearing).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (jita+kāśin)

• jita – conquered, won
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root 'ji' (to conquer) with suffix '-ta'.
  Root: ji (class 1)
• kāśin – shining, appearing, accustomed to
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'kāś' (to shine, appear) with suffix '-in'.
  Root: kāś (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavāḥ'.

बलवन्तः (balavantaḥ) - strong, powerful

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of balavat

balavat - strong, powerful, mighty

Derived from 'bala' (strength) with suffix '-vat'.

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavāḥ'.

कृतोत्साहाः (kṛtotsāhāḥ) - highly motivated, resolute (highly resolute, full of enthusiasm, determined)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kṛtotsāha

kṛtotsāha - highly resolute, full of enthusiasm, determined

Bahuvrīhi compound: 'kṛta' (made, done) + 'utsāha' (enthusiasm, energy).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kṛta+utsāha)

• kṛta – made, done
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root 'kṛ' (to do) with suffix '-ta'.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• utsāha – enthusiasm, energy, effort
  noun (masculine)
  From 'ut' + 'sah' (to be able).
  Prefix: ut
  Root: sah (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavāḥ'.

लब्धलक्षाः (labdhalakṣāḥ) - having achieved their objective (having attained their objective, having achieved their goal)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of labdhalakṣa

labdhalakṣa - having attained their objective/goal

Bahuvrīhi compound: 'labdha' (obtained) + 'lakṣa' (aim, objective).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (labdha+lakṣa)

• labdha – obtained, acquired
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root 'labh' (to obtain) with suffix '-ta'.
  Root: labh (class 1)
• lakṣa – aim, target, objective, goal
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavāḥ'.

प्रहारिणः (prahāriṇaḥ) - formidable attackers (striking, attacking, powerful attackers)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of prahārin

prahārin - striking, attacking, powerful attacker

From 'pra' + root 'hṛ' (to take, carry) with suffix '-in' (agent noun).

Prefix: pra

Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavāḥ'.

राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of the king (Duryodhana) (of the king)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Refers to King Duryodhana, in whose presence the vow was made.

सकाशे (sakāśe) - in the presence of (in the presence of, near, with)

(indeclinable)

Compound 'sa' (with) + 'kāśa' (appearance, manifestation).

Note: Often used with genitive to mean "in the presence of".

तेषाम् (teṣām) - their (referring to the Pāṇḍavas) (of them, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to the Pāṇḍavas.

च (ca) - moreover, furthermore (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two statements.

प्रतिज्ञातः (pratijñātaḥ) - vowed, pledged (promised, vowed, declared)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratijñāta

pratijñāta - promised, vowed, declared

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'jñā' (to know) with prefix 'prati'.

Prefix: prati

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Qualifies 'vadhaḥ'.

वधः (vadhaḥ) - slaying (killing, slaying, destruction)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vadha

vadha - killing, slaying, destruction

Derived from root 'vadh' (to strike, kill).

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'pratijñātaḥ'.

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Note: Agent in the passive construction.