महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-18, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
पातिते युधि दुर्धर्षे मद्रराजे महारथे ।
तावकास्तव पुत्राश्च प्रायशो विमुखाभवन् ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
pātite yudhi durdharṣe madrarāje mahārathe ,
tāvakāstava putrāśca prāyaśo vimukhābhavan.

1. sañjaya uvāca pātite yudhi durdharṣe madrarāje mahārathe
tāvakāḥ tava putrāḥ ca prāyaśaḥ vimukhāḥ abhavan

1. sañjaya uvāca: durdharṣe mahārathe madrarāje yudhi pātite (sati),
tava tāvakāḥ putrāḥ ca prāyaśaḥ vimukhāḥ abhavan

1. Sañjaya said: When the unconquerable Madra king, a great charioteer, had fallen in battle, your people and your sons, for the most part, turned away and fled.

Words meanings summery:

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - Sanjaya (proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

• पातिते (pātite) - having fallen, having been cast down

• युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in combat

• दुर्धर्षे (durdharṣe) - unconquerable, invincible

• मद्रराजे (madrarāje) - in the Madra king

• महारथे (mahārathe) - in the great charioteer

• तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - your people, those belonging to you

• तव (tava) - your, of you

• पुत्राः (putrāḥ) - sons

• च (ca) - and

• प्रायशः (prāyaśaḥ) - mostly, generally, for the most part

• विमुखाः (vimukhāḥ) - having face averted, turned away, fleeing

• अभवन् (abhavan) - they became, they were

Words meanings and morphology

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - Sanjaya (proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sanjaya (charioteer of Dhritarashtra)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of uvāca

Perfect Active

root vac (to speak) in perfect tense, 3rd person singular

Root: vac (class 2)

पातिते (pātite) - having fallen, having been cast down

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of pātita

pātita - fallen, thrown down, slain

Past Passive Participle (causative)

root pat (to fall) in causative form + kta suffix

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Locative absolute construction with 'madrarāje', 'durdharṣe', 'mahārathe'

युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of yudh

yudh - battle, fight, war

Note: Locative indicating place

दुर्धर्षे (durdharṣe) - unconquerable, invincible

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of durdharṣa

durdharṣa - difficult to overcome, unconquerable, irresistible

from dur- (bad, difficult) + root dhṛṣ (to be bold)

Prefix: dur

Root: dhṛṣ (class 5)

Note: Modifies 'madrarāje'

मद्रराजे (madrarāje) - in the Madra king

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of Madra

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (madra+rāja)

• madra – name of a country/people
  proper noun (masculine)
• rāja – king
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Locative absolute construction with 'pātite'

महारथे (mahārathe) - in the great charioteer

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of mahāratha

mahāratha - great charioteer, a warrior capable of fighting thousands of warriors

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahat+ratha)

• mahat – great
  adjective (masculine)
• ratha – chariot, warrior (in chariot)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Modifies 'madrarāje'

तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - your people, those belonging to you

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - yours, belonging to you, your people

Note: Refers to Dhritarashtra's allies/soldiers

तव (tava) - your, of you

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Possessive, refers to Dhritarashtra

पुत्राः (putrāḥ) - sons

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of putra

putra - son

Note: Refers to Dhritarashtra's sons (Kauravas)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

प्रायशः (prāyaśaḥ) - mostly, generally, for the most part

(indeclinable)

विमुखाः (vimukhāḥ) - having face averted, turned away, fleeing

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vimukha

vimukha - turned away, averted, hostile, fleeing

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vi+mukha)

• vi – apart, away, without
  indeclinable
• mukha – face, mouth
  noun (neuter)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'tāvakāḥ putrāḥ'

अभवन् (abhavan) - they became, they were

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of abhavan

Imperfect Active

root bhū (to be, become) in imperfect tense, 3rd person plural

Root: bhū (class 1)