महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-93, verse-41

द्वादशेमानि वर्षाणि वने निर्व्युषितानि नः ।
त्रयोदशं तथाज्ञातैः सजने परिवत्सरम् ॥४१॥

41. dvādaśemāni varṣāṇi vane nirvyuṣitāni naḥ ,
trayodaśaṁ tathājñātaiḥ sajane parivatsaram.

41. dvādaśa imāni varṣāṇi vane nirvyuṣitāni naḥ
trayodaśam tathā ajñātaiḥ sajane parivatsaram

41. These twelve years were spent by us in the forest. Likewise, the thirteenth year was spent by us, unrecognized, in a populated place.

Words meanings summery:

• द्वादश (dvādaśa) - twelve (years) (twelve)

• इमानि (imāni) - these (years) (these (neuter plural nominative/accusative))

• वर्षाणि (varṣāṇi) - years (years, rains)

• वने (vane) - in the forest (in the forest, in the woods)

• निर्व्युषितानि (nirvyuṣitāni) - were spent (by us) (spent (time), resided fully, lived through)

• नः (naḥ) - by us (the Pandavas) (by us (instrumental/ablative plural), to us (dative/genitive plural))

• त्रयोदशम् (trayodaśam) - the thirteenth (year) (the thirteenth)

• तथा (tathā) - likewise, similarly (thus, so, likewise)

• अज्ञातैः (ajñātaiḥ) - by us (the Pandavas) as unrecognized ones (by unknown ones, by unrecognized ones)

• सजने (sajane) - in a populated place (in a populated place, among people, with people)

• परिवत्सरम् (parivatsaram) - for a full year (for a year, throughout the year)

Words meanings and morphology

द्वादश (dvādaśa) - twelve (years) (twelve)

(numeral)

Note: Usually treated as indeclinable when used attributively.

इमानि (imāni) - these (years) (these (neuter plural nominative/accusative))

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of idam

idam - this, these

Note: Agrees with `varṣāṇi`.

वर्षाणि (varṣāṇi) - years (years, rains)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of varṣa

varṣa - year, rain

From root `vṛṣ` (to rain).

Root: vṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Subject of the implied passive construction.

वने (vane) - in the forest (in the forest, in the woods)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove

Note: Indicates location.

निर्व्युषितानि (nirvyuṣitāni) - were spent (by us) (spent (time), resided fully, lived through)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of nirvyuṣita

nirvyuṣita - spent (time), resided fully, lived through

Past Passive Participle

From root `vas` (to dwell, live) with prefixes `nis-` (out, fully) and `vi-` (apart, extensively). `vyuṣita` means spent/passed (of time). `nir-vyuṣita` means fully spent or lived through.

Prefixes: nis+vi

Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Functions as the main verb (past passive participle).

नः (naḥ) - by us (the Pandavas) (by us (instrumental/ablative plural), to us (dative/genitive plural))

(pronoun)

Instrumental, plural of asmad

asmad - we, us

Note: Agent in the passive construction.

त्रयोदशम् (trayodaśam) - the thirteenth (year) (the thirteenth)

(numeral)

Note: It's `trayodaśa` (ordinal for thirteenth), declined as neuter singular. Can be nominative or accusative, depending on if it's duration or subject. Given `parivatsaram` is also accusative, it likely implies duration or "the thirteenth year".

तथा (tathā) - likewise, similarly (thus, so, likewise)

(indeclinable)

Note: Links to the previous statement.

अज्ञातैः (ajñātaiḥ) - by us (the Pandavas) as unrecognized ones (by unknown ones, by unrecognized ones)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of ajñāta

ajñāta - unknown, unrecognized

Past Passive Participle

From `a-` (not) + `jñāta` (known, from root `jñā` (to know)). `a-jñāta` means unknown, unrecognized.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jñāta)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative particle.
• jñāta – known, understood
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `jñā` (to know) with suffix `kta`.
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Agrees with the agent `naḥ` (by us).

सजने (sajane) - in a populated place (in a populated place, among people, with people)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of sajana

sajana - with people, populated

From `sa-` (with, together) + `jana` (people). Often used as an adjective or nominalized. Here, refers to a populated area.

Compound type : bahuvrihi (sa+jana)

• sa – with, together
  prefix
  Prefix indicating togetherness.
• jana – person, people
  noun (masculine)
  From root `jan` (to be born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Denotes location.

परिवत्सरम् (parivatsaram) - for a full year (for a year, throughout the year)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of parivatsara

parivatsara - a full year, the cycle of a year

From `pari-` (around, complete) + `vatsara` (year). Accusative used adverbially to denote duration of time.

Note: Accusative of duration.