महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-93, verse-40

आहुस्त्वां पाण्डवा राजन्नभिवाद्य प्रसाद्य च ।
भवतः शासनाद्दुःखमनुभूतं सहानुगैः ॥४०॥

40. āhustvāṁ pāṇḍavā rājannabhivādya prasādya ca ,
bhavataḥ śāsanādduḥkhamanubhūtaṁ sahānugaiḥ.

40. āhuḥ tvām pāṇḍavāḥ rājan abhivādya prasādya ca
bhavataḥ śāsanāt duḥkham anubhūtam saha anugaiḥ

40. The Pāṇḍavas say to you, O King, after bowing and propitiating you: 'By your command, suffering has been endured by us along with our followers.'

Words meanings summery:

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - the Pandavas say (they say, they declare)

• त्वाम् (tvām) - you (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (you (accusative singular))

• पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pandavas (the sons of Pāṇḍu, the Pandavas)

• राजन् (rājan) - O King (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O king)

• अभिवाद्य (abhivādya) - having bowed (to you) (having saluted, having bowed, after greeting)

• प्रसाद्य (prasādya) - having propitiated (you) (having propitiated, having appeased, having made favorable)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• भवतः (bhavataḥ) - from your command (of your honor, from your honor, of you)

• शासनात् (śāsanāt) - by your command, due to your rule (from command, by command, through governing)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, hardship (suffering, pain, misery)

• अनुभूतम् (anubhūtam) - has been endured (by us) (experienced, endured, felt)

• सह (saha) - along with (with, along with)

• अनुगैः (anugaiḥ) - by our followers (by followers, by attendants)

Words meanings and morphology

आहुः (āhuḥ) - the Pandavas say (they say, they declare)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of brū

From root `brū` (class 2) in the perfect tense, 3rd person plural. Also derived from `ah` (to say), irregular perfect forms.

Root: ah (class 2)

त्वाम् (tvām) - you (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (you (accusative singular))

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Object of `āhuḥ`.

पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pandavas (the sons of Pāṇḍu, the Pandavas)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu

Derived from Pāṇḍu (name of a king) with the suffix `-a`, indicating progeny.

Note: Subject of `āhuḥ`.

राजन् (rājan) - O King (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: rāj (class 1)

अभिवाद्य (abhivādya) - having bowed (to you) (having saluted, having bowed, after greeting)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root `vad` (to speak) with prefixes `abhi-` and `vi-`. Forms the absolutive with suffix `-ya` after a prefix.

Prefixes: abhi+vi

Root: vad (class 1)

प्रसाद्य (prasādya) - having propitiated (you) (having propitiated, having appeased, having made favorable)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root `sad` (to sit, settle) with prefix `pra-`. The causative `sādayati` means to cause to sit, to propitiate. The absolutive is `prasādya`.

Prefix: pra

Root: sad (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two absolutives `abhivādya` and `prasādya`.

भवतः (bhavataḥ) - from your command (of your honor, from your honor, of you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, you (polite), being

Present Active Participle

Present participle of `bhū` (to be, exist). Used here as a respectful second-person pronoun.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Often takes the place of `tvam` (you) in respectful address. Here, governing `śāsanāt`.

शासनात् (śāsanāt) - by your command, due to your rule (from command, by command, through governing)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of śāsana

śāsana - command, rule, instruction, governing

From root `śās` (to command, rule) with suffix `-ana`.

Root: śās (class 2)

Note: Expresses cause or means.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, hardship (suffering, pain, misery)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, misery

Opposite of `sukha` (happiness). `duḥ-kha` meaning "bad axle-hole" (hard to go).

Note: Subject of the passive construction `anubhūtam`.

अनुभूतम् (anubhūtam) - has been endured (by us) (experienced, endured, felt)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of anubhūta

anubhūta - experienced, felt, endured

Past Passive Participle

From root `bhū` (to be, exist) with prefix `anu-`. `anubhūta` means having been experienced or felt.

Prefix: anu

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Functions as the main verb in this passive construction.

सह (saha) - along with (with, along with)

(indeclinable)

Preposition/postposition that takes instrumental case.

Note: Forms a compound `sahānugaiḥ`.

अनुगैः (anugaiḥ) - by our followers (by followers, by attendants)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of anuga

anuga - follower, attendant

From `anu` (after) + `gam` (to go), literally "one who goes after". Derived with suffix `ḍa` from `anu-gam-a`.

Prefix: anu

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agent in the passive construction, in compound with `saha`.