महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-2, verse-60

शौनक उवाच ।
अहो बत महत्कष्टं विपरीतमिदं जगत् ।
येनापत्रपते साधुरसाधुस्तेन तुष्यति ॥६०॥

60. śaunaka uvāca ,
aho bata mahatkaṣṭaṁ viparītamidaṁ jagat ,
yenāpatrapate sādhurasādhustena tuṣyati.

60. śaunaka uvāca | aho bata mahat kaṣṭam viparītam idam
jagat | yena apatrapate sādhuḥ asādhuḥ tena tuṣyati

60. Shaunaka said: 'Oh, alas, what a great misfortune! This world (jagat) is truly inverted. A virtuous person (sādhu) feels ashamed by the very thing that pleases a wicked person (asādhu).'

Words meanings summery:

• शौनक (śaunaka) - Shaunaka (a proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• अहो (aho) - O!, alas!, ah!

• बत (bata) - alas!, indeed!

• महत् (mahat) - great, large, important

• कष्टम् (kaṣṭam) - difficulty, suffering, misfortune

• विपरीतम् (viparītam) - inverted, contrary, perverse

• इदम् (idam) - this

• जगत् (jagat) - world, universe, moving

• येन (yena) - by which, because of which

• अपत्रपते (apatrapate) - feels ashamed, is embarrassed

• साधुः (sādhuḥ) - good person, virtuous, saintly

• असाधुः (asādhuḥ) - wicked person, bad, unvirtuous

• तेन (tena) - by that, by him, for that reason

• तुष्यति (tuṣyati) - is pleased, rejoices, is satisfied

Words meanings and morphology

शौनक (śaunaka) - Shaunaka (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śaunaka

śaunaka - name of a famous sage

From śuna (dog) + aṇa (descendant) (less likely meaning here)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

अहो (aho) - O!, alas!, ah!

(indeclinable)

बत (bata) - alas!, indeed!

(indeclinable)

महत् (mahat) - great, large, important

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, mighty, important

Present Active Participle (from root MAH)

From root MAH (to be great) or derived from PIE *megʰ-

Root: mah (class 1)

Note: The nominative/accusative singular neuter form.

कष्टम् (kaṣṭam) - difficulty, suffering, misfortune

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kaṣṭa

kaṣṭa - difficult, painful, miserable, misfortune, suffering

Past Passive Participle

From root KAṢ (to hurt, vex)

Root: kaṣ (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative.

विपरीतम् (viparītam) - inverted, contrary, perverse

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of viparīta

viparīta - inverted, contrary, opposite, perverse, reversed

Past Passive Participle

From vi- + pari- + root I (to go)

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: i (class 2)

इदम् (idam) - this

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, this (thing)

Note: Subject.

जगत् (jagat) - world, universe, moving

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jagat

jagat - world, universe, moving, living being

Present Active Participle

From root GAM (to go) by reduplication

Root: gam (class 1)

येन (yena) - by which, because of which

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Refers to the cause/means.

अपत्रपते (apatrapate) - feels ashamed, is embarrassed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of apa-trap

From apa- + root TRAP (to be ashamed)

Prefix: apa

Root: trap (class 1)

साधुः (sādhuḥ) - good person, virtuous, saintly

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sādhu

sādhu - good, virtuous, righteous, saint, good person

From root SADH (to accomplish, succeed)

Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Subject of 'apatrapate'.

असाधुः (asādhuḥ) - wicked person, bad, unvirtuous

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of asādhu

asādhu - not good, bad, wicked, unrighteous, wicked person

From a- (negation) + sādhu

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+sādhu)

• a – not, un-, in-, without
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• sādhu – good, virtuous, righteous, saint, good person
  noun (masculine)
  From root SADH (to accomplish, succeed)
  Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Subject of 'tuṣyati'.

तेन (tena) - by that, by him, for that reason

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Corresponds to 'yena'.

तुष्यति (tuṣyati) - is pleased, rejoices, is satisfied

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of tuṣ

Root: tuṣ (class 4)