महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-39, verse-56

अष्टौ तान्यव्रतघ्नानि आपो मूलं फलं पयः ।
हविर्ब्राह्मणकाम्या च गुरोर्वचनमौषधम् ॥५६॥

56. aṣṭau tānyavrataghnāni āpo mūlaṁ phalaṁ payaḥ ,
havirbrāhmaṇakāmyā ca gurorvacanamauṣadham.

56. aṣṭau tāni avrataghnāni āpaḥ mūlam phalam payaḥ
haviḥ brāhmaṇa-kāmyā ca guroḥ vacanam auṣadham

56. These eight do not break vows: water, roots, fruits, milk, sacrificial offerings (haviḥ), things desired by a Brahmin, the word of the preceptor (guru), and medicine.

Words meanings summery:

• अष्टौ (aṣṭau) - eight

• तानि (tāni) - those

• अव्रतघ्नानि (avrataghnāni) - not violating vows; not destructive of vows

• आपः (āpaḥ) - water

• मूलम् (mūlam) - root; roots

• फलम् (phalam) - fruit; fruits

• पयः (payaḥ) - milk

• हविः (haviḥ) - sacrificial offering, oblation

• ब्राह्मण-काम्या (brāhmaṇa-kāmyā) - that which is desired by a Brahmin

• च (ca) - and

• गुरोः (guroḥ) - of the preceptor (guru)

• वचनम् (vacanam) - word, speech, command

• औषधम् (auṣadham) - medicine, herb

Words meanings and morphology

अष्टौ (aṣṭau) - eight

(numeral)

तानि (tāni) - those

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of tad

tad - that, those

अव्रतघ्नानि (avrataghnāni) - not violating vows; not destructive of vows

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of avrataghna

avrataghna - not vow-breaking, not destroying vows

Negative compound of vrata-ghna (vow-destroying)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vrata+ghna)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• vrata – vow, sacred observance, religious practice
  noun (neuter)
• ghna – killer, destroyer, causing the death of
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun / Secondary derivation
  Derived from root 'han' (to strike, kill)
  Root: han (class 2)

Note: Qualifies the eight items mentioned.

आपः (āpaḥ) - water

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of ap

ap - water

मूलम् (mūlam) - root; roots

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mūla

mūla - root, origin

फलम् (phalam) - fruit; fruits

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of phala

phala - fruit, result, consequence

पयः (payaḥ) - milk

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of payas

payas - milk, water, sap

हविः (haviḥ) - sacrificial offering, oblation

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of havis

havis - sacrificial offering, oblation, ghee

Derived from root 'hu' (to offer)

Root: hu (class 3)

ब्राह्मण-काम्या (brāhmaṇa-kāmyā) - that which is desired by a Brahmin

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of brāhmaṇa-kāmyā

brāhmaṇa-kāmyā - that which is desired by a Brahmin, a Brahmin's desire

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (brāhmaṇa+kāmyā)

• brāhmaṇa – Brahmin, relating to a Brahmin
  noun (masculine)
• kāmyā – desired, desirable (feminine)
  adjective (feminine)
  Gerundive/adjective
  Derived from root 'kam' (to desire)
  Root: kam (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

गुरोः (guroḥ) - of the preceptor (guru)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of guru

guru - preceptor, teacher, spiritual guide

वचनम् (vacanam) - word, speech, command

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vacana

vacana - speech, word, saying, command

Derived from root 'vac' (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

औषधम् (auṣadham) - medicine, herb

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of auṣadha

auṣadha - medicine, drug, herb

Derived from oṣadhi (medicinal plant)