महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-39, verse-65

सुवर्णस्य मलं रूप्यं रूप्यस्यापि मलं त्रपु ।
ज्ञेयं त्रपुमलं सीसं सीसस्यापि मलं मलम् ॥६५॥

65. suvarṇasya malaṁ rūpyaṁ rūpyasyāpi malaṁ trapu ,
jñeyaṁ trapumalaṁ sīsaṁ sīsasyāpi malaṁ malam.

65. suvarṇasya malam rūpyam rūpyasya api malam trapu
jñeyam trapumalam sīsam sīsasya api malam malam

65. Silver is the impurity of gold. Similarly, lead is the impurity of silver. Tin is to be understood as the impurity of lead, and the impurity of tin is indeed the greatest impurity (mala).

Words meanings summery:

• सुवर्णस्य (suvarṇasya) - of gold

• मलम् (malam) - impurity, dirt, dross, waste

• रूप्यम् (rūpyam) - silver, beautiful, stamped, coined

• रूप्यस्य (rūpyasya) - of silver

• अपि (api) - also, even, too, moreover

• मलम् (malam) - impurity, dirt, dross, waste

• त्रपु (trapu) - lead (lead, tin)

• ज्ञेयम् (jñeyam) - is considered (to be known, knowable, understandable)

• त्रपुमलम् (trapumalam) - the impurity of lead

• सीसम् (sīsam) - tin (tin, lead)

• सीसस्य (sīsasya) - of tin

• अपि (api) - also, even, too, moreover

• मलम् (malam) - impurity, dirt, dross, waste

• मलम् (malam) - the greatest impurity (impurity, dirt, dross, waste)

Words meanings and morphology

सुवर्णस्य (suvarṇasya) - of gold

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of suvarṇa

suvarṇa - gold, beautiful color, excellent kind

मलम् (malam) - impurity, dirt, dross, waste

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mala

mala - dirt, impurity, dross, excrement, sin, fault

Note: Functions as a predicate nominative.

रूप्यम् (rūpyam) - silver, beautiful, stamped, coined

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rūpya

rūpya - silver, beautiful, stamped, coined, made of silver

Note: Functions as a predicate nominative.

रूप्यस्य (rūpyasya) - of silver

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of rūpya

rūpya - silver, beautiful, stamped, coined, made of silver

अपि (api) - also, even, too, moreover

(indeclinable)

मलम् (malam) - impurity, dirt, dross, waste

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mala

mala - dirt, impurity, dross, excrement, sin, fault

Note: Functions as a predicate nominative.

त्रपु (trapu) - lead (lead, tin)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of trapu

trapu - lead, tin

Note: Functions as a predicate nominative.

ज्ञेयम् (jñeyam) - is considered (to be known, knowable, understandable)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jñeya

jñeya - to be known, knowable, recognizable, understandable

Gerundive

Derived from root jñā (9th class) with suffix -ya.

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Functions as a predicate adjective, implying 'is to be known'.

त्रपुमलम् (trapumalam) - the impurity of lead

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of trapumala

trapumala - impurity of lead

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (trapu+mala)

• trapu – lead, tin
  noun (neuter)
• mala – dirt, impurity, dross, excrement, sin, fault
  noun (neuter)

Note: Functions as the object of `jñeyam`.

सीसम् (sīsam) - tin (tin, lead)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sīsa

sīsa - tin, lead

Note: Functions as a predicate nominative with `jñeyam`.

सीसस्य (sīsasya) - of tin

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of sīsa

sīsa - tin, lead

अपि (api) - also, even, too, moreover

(indeclinable)

मलम् (malam) - impurity, dirt, dross, waste

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mala

mala - dirt, impurity, dross, excrement, sin, fault

Note: Functions as a predicate nominative.

मलम् (malam) - the greatest impurity (impurity, dirt, dross, waste)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mala

mala - dirt, impurity, dross, excrement, sin, fault

Note: Used here to emphasize the ultimate degree of impurity (mala).