महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-109, verse-40

यस्तु संवत्सरं पूर्णं चतुर्थं भक्तमश्नुते ।
अहिंसानिरतो नित्यं सत्यवाङ्नियतेन्द्रियः ॥४०॥

40. yastu saṁvatsaraṁ pūrṇaṁ caturthaṁ bhaktamaśnute ,
ahiṁsānirato nityaṁ satyavāṅniyatendriyaḥ.

40. yaḥ tu saṃvatsaram pūrṇam caturtham bhaktam aśnute
ahiṃsānirataḥ nityam satyavāk niyatendriyaḥ

40. But the one who for a full year eats only on the fourth occasion, always devoted to non-violence (ahiṃsā), speaking truth, and having controlled senses...

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - the one who (who, which)

• तु (tu) - but (but, indeed)

• संवत्सरम् (saṁvatsaram) - for a year (year)

• पूर्णम् (pūrṇam) - full (year) (full, complete)

• चतुर्थम् (caturtham) - a fourth (meal/portion) or every fourth (time) (fourth)

• भक्तम् (bhaktam) - meal (referring to a meal or portion of food) (food, meal, portion)

• अश्नुते (aśnute) - eats, partakes of (food) (eats, obtains, enjoys, partakes of)

• अहिंसानिरतः (ahiṁsānirataḥ) - devoted to non-violence (ahiṃsā) (devoted to non-violence)

• नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly, always (constantly, eternally, always)

• सत्यवाक् (satyavāk) - truthful in speech (truthful, speaking truth)

• नियतेन्द्रियः (niyatendriyaḥ) - with his senses controlled (having controlled senses)

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - the one who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, what, who

तु (tu) - but (but, indeed)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

संवत्सरम् (saṁvatsaram) - for a year (year)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saṃvatsara

saṁvatsara - year

Note: Adverbial accusative of duration.

पूर्णम् (pūrṇam) - full (year) (full, complete)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pūrṇa

pūrṇa - full, complete, fulfilled

Past Passive Participle

From root √pṛ 'to fill' + kta suffix

Root: pṛ (class 9)

Note: Agrees with 'saṃvatsaram'.

चतुर्थम् (caturtham) - a fourth (meal/portion) or every fourth (time) (fourth)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of caturtha

caturtha - fourth

From catur (four) + tha suffix

Note: Agrees with 'bhaktam'.

भक्तम् (bhaktam) - meal (referring to a meal or portion of food) (food, meal, portion)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bhakta

bhakta - food, meal, portion, devoted, worshipped

Past Passive Participle

From root √bhaj 'to divide, distribute, serve' + kta suffix; often used as a noun meaning 'food'.

Root: bhaj (class 1)

Note: Object of 'aśnute'.

अश्नुते (aśnute) - eats, partakes of (food) (eats, obtains, enjoys, partakes of)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of aś

Present Tense, Ātmanepada, 3rd Person Singular

From root √aś 'to obtain, enjoy, partake' (5th class)

Root: aś (class 5)

अहिंसानिरतः (ahiṁsānirataḥ) - devoted to non-violence (ahiṃsā) (devoted to non-violence)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ahiṃsānirata

ahiṁsānirata - devoted to non-harming, intent on non-violence

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (ahiṃsā+nirata)

• ahiṃsā – non-violence, non-harming
  noun (feminine)
  Negative of hiṃsā (violence).
  Prefix: a
  Root: hiṃs
• nirata – engaged in, devoted to, intent on
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √ram 'to delight, rejoice' (1st class) with prefix nir-, + kta suffix.
  Prefix: nir
  Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for the subject 'yaḥ'.

नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly, always (constantly, eternally, always)

(indeclinable)

From ni + √i (to go) + tya.

Note: Qualifies 'ahiṃsānirataḥ'.

सत्यवाक् (satyavāk) - truthful in speech (truthful, speaking truth)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of satyavāc

satyavāc - speaking truth, truthful, whose speech is true

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (satya+vāc)

• satya – truth, true, real
  noun (neuter)
• vāc – speech, word
  noun (feminine)
  From √vac 'to speak' (2nd class).
  Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'yaḥ'.

नियतेन्द्रियः (niyatendriyaḥ) - with his senses controlled (having controlled senses)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niyatendriya

niyatendriya - having subdued senses, self-controlled

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (niyata+indriya)

• niyata – restrained, controlled, disciplined
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √yam 'to restrain, control' (1st class) with prefix ni-, + kta suffix.
  Prefix: ni
  Root: yam (class 1)
• indriya – sense organ, faculty
  noun (neuter)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'yaḥ'.