महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-109, verse-50

मासादूर्ध्वं नरव्याघ्र नोपवासो विधीयते ।
विधिं त्वनशनस्याहुः पार्थ धर्मविदो जनाः ॥५०॥

50. māsādūrdhvaṁ naravyāghra nopavāso vidhīyate ,
vidhiṁ tvanaśanasyāhuḥ pārtha dharmavido janāḥ.

50. māsāt ūrdhvam naravyāghra na upavāsaḥ vidhīyate
vidhim tu anaśanasya āhuḥ pārtha dharmavidaḥ janāḥ

50. O tiger among men, a fast (upavāsa) lasting beyond one month is not prescribed. But O Pārtha, those who understand the (dharma) natural law speak of the specific procedure for fasting unto death (anaśana).

Words meanings summery:

• मासात् (māsāt) - after a month (indicating duration) (from a month, after a month)

• ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) - beyond, after (upwards, above, beyond, after)

• नरव्याघ्र (naravyāghra) - O best of men (addressing Arjuna/Yudhiṣṭhira) (O tiger among men, O best of men)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• उपवासः (upavāsaḥ) - a fast (abstinence from food) (fast, fasting, staying near)

• विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed (is prescribed, is enjoined, is performed)

• विधिम् (vidhim) - the procedure (rule, method, procedure, injunction)

• तु (tu) - but (but, however, indeed)

• अनशनस्य (anaśanasya) - of fasting unto death (anaśana) (of fasting, of not eating, of fasting unto death)

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they speak (they say, they speak)

• पार्थ (pārtha) - O Pārtha (addressing Arjuna) (O son of Pṛthā, O Arjuna)

• धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - those who understand the (dharma) natural law (knowers of (dharma), those who know natural law)

• जनाः (janāḥ) - people (people, persons)

Words meanings and morphology

मासात् (māsāt) - after a month (indicating duration) (from a month, after a month)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of māsa

māsa - month, lunar month

ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) - beyond, after (upwards, above, beyond, after)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial usage indicating temporal extent.

नरव्याघ्र (naravyāghra) - O best of men (addressing Arjuna/Yudhiṣṭhira) (O tiger among men, O best of men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of naravyāghra

naravyāghra - tiger among men, pre-eminent man

Compound type : tatpurusha (nara+vyāghra)

• nara – man, person
  noun (masculine)
• vyāghra – tiger
  noun (masculine)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

उपवासः (upavāsaḥ) - a fast (abstinence from food) (fast, fasting, staying near)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upavāsa

upavāsa - fasting, abstinence from food, dwelling near

From `upa` + root `vas` (to dwell). Specifically, dwelling near a deity, implying a fast.

Prefix: upa

Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Subject of the passive verb `vidhīyate`.

विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed (is prescribed, is enjoined, is performed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of vidhā

Passive

From `vi` + root `dhā` (to place, arrange).

Prefix: vi

Root: dhā (class 3)

विधिम् (vidhim) - the procedure (rule, method, procedure, injunction)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vidhi

vidhi - rule, method, injunction, destiny

From `vi` + root `dhā` (to place, arrange).

Prefix: vi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Object of `āhuḥ`.

तु (tu) - but (but, however, indeed)

(indeclinable)

अनशनस्य (anaśanasya) - of fasting unto death (anaśana) (of fasting, of not eating, of fasting unto death)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of anaśana

anaśana - not eating, fasting, starvation, fasting unto death

From `an` (not) + `aśana` (eating).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+aśana)

• an – not, un-
  indeclinable
• aśana – eating, food
  noun (neuter)
  From root `aś` (to eat) with suffix `ana`.
  Root: aś (class 9)

Note: Qualifies `vidhim`.

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they speak (they say, they speak)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of brū

Present Tense, 3rd Person Plural

Irregular form, often associated with root `brū` (to speak) or `vac` (to speak).

Root: brū/vac (class 2)

Note: The subject is `dharmavidaḥ janāḥ`.

पार्थ (pārtha) - O Pārtha (addressing Arjuna) (O son of Pṛthā, O Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (Kuntī), Arjuna

Patronymic from `Pṛthā`.

धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - those who understand the (dharma) natural law (knowers of (dharma), those who know natural law)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dharmavid

dharmavid - knowing (dharma), one who knows (dharma)

From `dharma` and `vid` (knowing).

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharma+vid)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• vid – knowing, knower
  adjective (masculine)
  From root `vid` (to know).
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Adjective qualifying `janāḥ`.

जनाः (janāḥ) - people (people, persons)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jana

jana - man, person, people, creature

From root `jan` (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of `āhuḥ`.