महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-9, verse-38

महारथसमाख्यातं द्रोणायोद्यन्तमाहवे ।
त्यजन्तं तुमुले प्राणान्के शूराः पर्यवारयन् ॥३८॥

38. mahārathasamākhyātaṁ droṇāyodyantamāhave ,
tyajantaṁ tumule prāṇānke śūrāḥ paryavārayan.

38. mahārathasamākhyātam droṇāya udyantam āhave
tyajantam tumule prāṇān ke śūrāḥ paryavārayan

38. ke śūrāḥ mahārathasamākhyātam droṇāya udyantam
āhave tumule prāṇān tyajantam paryavārayan

38. Who were the heroes who surrounded the one called a great charioteer (mahāratha), Droṇa, as he was advancing in battle (āhava) and giving up his life in the tumultuous fray?

Words meanings summery:

• महारथसमाख्यातम् (mahārathasamākhyātam) - referred to as a great charioteer (Droṇa) (named/called a great charioteer)

• द्रोणाय (droṇāya) - in reference to Droṇa (to/for Droṇa)

• उद्यन्तम् (udyantam) - advancing (in battle) (advancing, rising up)

• आहवे (āhave) - in battle (in battle, in war, in sacrifice)

• त्यजन्तम् (tyajantam) - giving up (his life) (abandoning, giving up)

• तुमुले (tumule) - in the tumultuous fray (in the tumult, in the uproar, in the great battle)

• प्राणान् (prāṇān) - his life (lives, breaths, vital airs)

• के (ke) - which (heroes) (who (plural))

• शूराः (śūrāḥ) - heroes (heroes, warriors)

• पर्यवारयन् (paryavārayan) - they surrounded (they surrounded, they protected, they obstructed)

Words meanings and morphology

महारथसमाख्यातम् (mahārathasamākhyātam) - referred to as a great charioteer (Droṇa) (named/called a great charioteer)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahārathasamākhyāta

mahārathasamākhyāta - named/called a great charioteer

Past Passive Participle

Formed from sam-ā-khyā with kta suffix. mahāratha describes the quality.

Compound type : Tatpurusha (mahāratha+samākhyāta)

• mahāratha – great charioteer; warrior of the highest class
  noun (masculine)
• samākhyāta – named, called, mentioned
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From sam-ā-√khyā
  Prefixes: sam+ā
  Root: khyā (class 2)

Note: Refers to Droṇa.

द्रोणाय (droṇāya) - in reference to Droṇa (to/for Droṇa)

(proper noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Droṇa (proper name, a teacher of the Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas)

Note: Syntactically challenging here. Interpreted as dative of reference or interest.

उद्यन्तम् (udyantam) - advancing (in battle) (advancing, rising up)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of udyant

udyant - advancing, rising, coming forth

Present Active Participle

From ud-√yam (to rise, go up).

Prefix: ud

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Refers to Droṇa.

आहवे (āhave) - in battle (in battle, in war, in sacrifice)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of āhava

āhava - battle, war, combat, offering, sacrifice

Root: hū (class 1)

त्यजन्तम् (tyajantam) - giving up (his life) (abandoning, giving up)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tyajant

tyajant - abandoning, giving up, leaving

Present Active Participle

From √tyaj (to abandon, forsake).

Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Refers to Droṇa.

तुमुले (tumule) - in the tumultuous fray (in the tumult, in the uproar, in the great battle)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tumula

tumula - tumultuous, noisy, agitated; uproar, tumult, great battle

प्राणान् (prāṇān) - his life (lives, breaths, vital airs)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of prāṇa

prāṇa - breath, vital air, life, spirit

Root: an (class 2)

के (ke) - which (heroes) (who (plural))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kim

kim - what, who, which

शूराः (śūrāḥ) - heroes (heroes, warriors)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śūra

śūra - hero, brave man, warrior

Root: śūr (class 1)

पर्यवारयन् (paryavārayan) - they surrounded (they surrounded, they protected, they obstructed)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of paryavārayan

Imperfect

From pari-√vṛ (to cover, surround), causative (vārayati). Imperfect 3rd plural active.

Prefix: pari

Root: vṛ (class 5)