महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-115, verse-20

कर्णदुर्योधनौ चापि निःश्वसेतां मुहुर्मुहुः ।
तथा निपतिते भीष्मे कौरवाणां धुरंधरे ।
हाहाकारमभूत्सर्वं निर्मर्यादमवर्तत ॥२०॥

20. karṇaduryodhanau cāpi niḥśvasetāṁ muhurmuhuḥ ,
tathā nipatite bhīṣme kauravāṇāṁ dhuraṁdhare ,
hāhākāramabhūtsarvaṁ nirmaryādamavartata.

20. karṇaduryodhanau ca api niḥśvasetām
muhuḥ muhuḥ tathā nipatite bhīṣme
kauravāṇām dhurandhare hāhākāram
abhūt sarvam nirmaryādam avartat

20. karṇaduryodhanau ca api muhur muhuḥ
niḥśvasetām tathā kauravāṇām
dhurandhare bhīṣme nipatite sarvam
hāhākāram abhūt nirmaryādam avartat

20. Karna and Duryodhana (Karṇaduryodhanau) also sighed repeatedly. And when Bhishma (Bhīṣma), the leader of the Kauravas, had thus fallen, everything turned into cries of lamentation, and chaos prevailed unchecked.

Words meanings summery:

• कर्णदुर्योधनौ (karṇaduryodhanau) - The two principal figures on the Kaurava side. (Karna and Duryodhana)

• च (ca) - and

• अपि (api) - also, even

• निःश्वसेताम् (niḥśvasetām) - they sighed, they breathed out

• मुहुः (muhuḥ) - again, repeatedly

• मुहुः (muhuḥ) - again, repeatedly

• तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

• निपतिते (nipatite) - fallen, struck down

• भीष्मे (bhīṣme) - The grand-uncle of the Kurus and Pandavas, commander of the Kaurava army. (Bhishma)

• कौरवाणाम् (kauravāṇām) - Refers to the descendants of Kuru, specifically Duryodhana's faction. (of the Kauravas)

• धुरन्धरे (dhurandhare) - Describing Bhishma as the leader of the Kaurava army. (leader, chief, one who bears the burden/responsibility)

• हाहाकारम् (hāhākāram) - cry of lamentation, uproar of distress

• अभूत् (abhūt) - it was, it became, it occurred

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - all, everything

• निर्मर्यादम् (nirmaryādam) - without restraint, disorderly, lawless

• अवर्तत् (avartat) - it prevailed, it occurred, it behaved

Words meanings and morphology

कर्णदुर्योधनौ (karṇaduryodhanau) - The two principal figures on the Kaurava side. (Karna and Duryodhana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of karṇaduryodhana

karṇaduryodhana - Karna and Duryodhana

Dvanda compound of two proper nouns.

Compound type : dvandva (karṇa+duryodhana)

• karṇa – Karna (proper noun)
  proper noun (masculine)
• duryodhana – Duryodhana (proper noun), one difficult to fight
  proper noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of 'niḥśvasetām'.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even

(indeclinable)

निःश्वसेताम् (niḥśvasetām) - they sighed, they breathed out

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of niḥśvas

Imperfect 3rd Person Dual

From prefix 'nis' (out) + root 'śvas' (to breathe). 'a-' is augment for imperfect. The 'tām' ending indicates 3rd person dual. The form niḥśvasetām is an attested imperfect form, though often seen as aniḥśvasatām.

Prefix: nis

Root: śvas (class 2)

मुहुः (muhuḥ) - again, repeatedly

(indeclinable)

Note: The first instance in the phrase 'muhuḥ muhuḥ'.

मुहुः (muhuḥ) - again, repeatedly

(indeclinable)

Note: The second instance in the phrase 'muhuḥ muhuḥ'.

तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

(indeclinable)

Derived from pronominal stem 'tad' (that).

निपतिते (nipatite) - fallen, struck down

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of nipatita

nipatita - fallen, descended, struck down (past passive participle)

Past Passive Participle

From prefix 'ni' + root 'pat' (to fall) with suffix '-ta'.

Prefix: ni

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Used in locative absolute construction "when Bhishma had fallen".

भीष्मे (bhīṣme) - The grand-uncle of the Kurus and Pandavas, commander of the Kaurava army. (Bhishma)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (proper noun), terrible, formidable

Note: Part of the locative absolute construction.

कौरवाणाम् (kauravāṇām) - Refers to the descendants of Kuru, specifically Duryodhana's faction. (of the Kauravas)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kaurava

kaurava - descendant of Kuru, a Kuru

Derived from 'kuru' with patronymic suffix '-a'.

Note: Possessive, "of the Kauravas".

धुरन्धरे (dhurandhare) - Describing Bhishma as the leader of the Kaurava army. (leader, chief, one who bears the burden/responsibility)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of dhurandhara

dhurandhara - bearing the yoke/burden, chief, leader, prominent

Compound: dhur (burden, yoke) + -andhara (bearer, from root dhṛ - to bear).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dhur+dhara)

• dhur – burden, yoke, front, chief part
  noun (feminine)
• dhara – bearing, holding, maintaining (agent noun suffix)
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'dhṛ' (to hold, bear) with suffix '-a'.
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with bhīṣme.

हाहाकारम् (hāhākāram) - cry of lamentation, uproar of distress

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of hāhākāra

hāhākāra - cry of distress, lamentation, uproar

Compound: hāhā (exclamation of distress) + kāra (making, sound).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (hāhā+kāra)

• hāhā – oh dear! alas! (interjection of sorrow)
  indeclinable
• kāra – making, doing, sound (suffix indicating maker or sound)
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'kṛ' (to do, make) with nominal suffix '-a'.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Used adverbially or as object of implied verb, "became an uproar".

अभूत् (abhūt) - it was, it became, it occurred

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past aorist (luṅ) of bhū

Aorist 3rd Person Singular

From root 'bhū' (class 1). 'a-' is augment for aorist, and '-t' suffix.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Null subject implies "it (the situation)".

सर्वम् (sarvam) - all, everything

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Note: Subject of 'abhūt' and 'avartat'.

निर्मर्यादम् (nirmaryādam) - without restraint, disorderly, lawless

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nirmaryāda

nirmaryāda - without bounds/limits, disorderly, lawless, disrespectful

From 'nir' (without) + 'maryādā' (boundary, limit, moral law/dharma).

Compound type : avyayībhāva / bahuvrīhi (nis+maryādā)

• nis – without, out, away
  indeclinable
• maryādā – limit, boundary, rule, moral law (dharma)
  noun (feminine)

Note: Acts adverbially, modifying 'avartat'.

अवर्तत् (avartat) - it prevailed, it occurred, it behaved

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of vṛt

Imperfect 3rd Person Singular

From root 'vṛt' (class 1, often Atmanepada in meaning 'to exist'/'to happen'). 'a-' is augment for imperfect. '-ta' is 3rd sg middle ending.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Null subject is 'sarvam' (everything / the situation).