महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-115, verse-1

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच ।
कथमासंस्तदा योधा हीना भीष्मेण संजय ।
बलिना देवकल्पेन गुर्वर्थे ब्रह्मचारिणा ॥१॥

1. dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca ,
kathamāsaṁstadā yodhā hīnā bhīṣmeṇa saṁjaya ,
balinā devakalpena gurvarthe brahmacāriṇā.

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca katham āsan tadā yodhāḥ hīnāḥ bhīṣmeṇa
saṃjaya balinā devakalpena gurvarthe brahmacāriṇā

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca saṃjaya tadā yodhāḥ hīnāḥ bhīṣmeṇa
balinā devakalpena gurvarthe brahmacāriṇā katham āsan

1. Dhritarashtra said: "O Sanjaya, how then did those warriors fare, deprived of Bhishma, that mighty, god-like one who observed celibacy (brahmacarya) for his guru's purpose?"

Words meanings summery:

• धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• आसन् (āsan) - they were, they existed

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• योधाः (yodhāḥ) - warriors, fighters

• हीनाः (hīnāḥ) - the warriors were left without Bhishma (deprived of, devoid of, left without)

• भीष्मेण (bhīṣmeṇa) - by Bhishma

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya

• बलिना (balinā) - by Bhishma, who was powerful (by the powerful, by the strong one)

• देवकल्पेन (devakalpena) - by Bhishma, who was comparable to a god (by the god-like, by the divine)

• गुर्वर्थे (gurvarthe) - Bhishma's vow of celibacy was taken for the sake of his father (who was his guru in a broader sense) to ensure his father's happiness and lineage. (for the guru's purpose, for the sake of the guru)

• ब्रह्मचारिणा (brahmacāriṇā) - by Bhishma, who maintained a vow of celibacy (brahmacarya) (by the one observing celibacy, by the student of the Veda)

Words meanings and morphology

धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhritarashtra (name of the blind king of the Kurus)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dhṛta+rāṣṭra)

• dhṛta – held, borne, maintained
  adjective
  past passive participle
  Past passive participle of the root 'dhṛ'.
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rāṣṭra – kingdom, realm, nation
  noun (neuter)

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

आसन् (āsan) - they were, they existed

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, imperfect (laṅ) of as

Root: as (class 2)

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

योधाः (yodhāḥ) - warriors, fighters

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yodha

yodha - warrior, fighter, soldier

हीनाः (hīnāḥ) - the warriors were left without Bhishma (deprived of, devoid of, left without)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of hīna

hīna - left, abandoned, devoid of, deprived of, inferior

past passive participle

Past passive participle of the root 'hā' (to abandon, to leave).

Root: hā (class 3)

भीष्मेण (bhīṣmeṇa) - by Bhishma

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (name of a Kuru warrior)

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhritarashtra's charioteer and narrator)

बलिना (balinā) - by Bhishma, who was powerful (by the powerful, by the strong one)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of balin

balin - strong, powerful, mighty

Derived from bala (strength) + in (possessive suffix).

देवकल्पेन (devakalpena) - by Bhishma, who was comparable to a god (by the god-like, by the divine)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of devakalpa

devakalpa - like a god, god-like, divine

Compound 'deva' + 'kalpa' (similar to, like).

Compound type : tatpurusha (deva+kalpa)

• deva – god, deity, divine
  noun (masculine)
• kalpa – like, similar to, resembling; a cosmic age
  adjective
  Suffix -kalpa used to denote resemblance.

गुर्वर्थे (gurvarthe) - Bhishma's vow of celibacy was taken for the sake of his father (who was his guru in a broader sense) to ensure his father's happiness and lineage. (for the guru's purpose, for the sake of the guru)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of gurvartha

gurvartha - guru's purpose, guru's objective, for the sake of the guru

Compound of guru (teacher/father) and artha (purpose/sake). 'arthe' is locative, often meaning 'for the sake of'.

Compound type : tatpurusha (guru+artha)

• guru – teacher, preceptor, respected elder, father
  noun (masculine)
• artha – purpose, aim, meaning, wealth, sake
  noun (masculine)

ब्रह्मचारिणा (brahmacāriṇā) - by Bhishma, who maintained a vow of celibacy (brahmacarya) (by the one observing celibacy, by the student of the Veda)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of brahmacārin

brahmacārin - one who practices brahmacarya (celibacy, studentship under a guru), religious student

Derived from 'brahmacarya' (religious studentship, celibacy).