महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-36, verse-11

वादं तु यो न प्रवदेन्न वादयेद्यो नाहतः प्रतिहन्यान्न घातयेत् ।
यो हन्तुकामस्य न पापमिच्छेत्तस्मै देवाः स्पृहयन्त्यागताय ॥११॥

11. vādaṁ tu yo na pravadenna vādaye;dyo nāhataḥ pratihanyānna ghātayet ,
yo hantukāmasya na pāpamicche;ttasmai devāḥ spṛhayantyāgatāya.

11. vādam tu yaḥ na pravadet na vādayet
yaḥ na āhataḥ pratihanyāt na ghātayet
| yaḥ hantukāmasya na pāpam icchet
tasmai devāḥ spṛhayanti āgatāya

11. But for the one who neither engages in arguments nor provokes them; who does not retaliate (pratihanyāt) even if not struck (āhata) [first], and does not cause others to be harmed; and who does not wish evil upon someone intending to kill them—for such a one who has achieved this state, the gods (deva) themselves long.

Words meanings summery:

• वादम् (vādam) - arguments (speech, discourse, argument, dispute)

• तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, however)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

• न (na) - neither (not, no)

• प्रवदेत् (pravadet) - engages in (arguments) (one should speak, declare)

• न (na) - nor (not, no)

• वादयेत् (vādayet) - provokes (arguments) (one should cause to speak, one should cause to dispute, provoke)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आहतः (āhataḥ) - (if) struck (struck, hit, wounded)

• प्रतिहन्यात् (pratihanyāt) - retaliate (one should strike back, retaliate)

• न (na) - and does not (not, no)

• घातयेत् (ghātayet) - cause others to be harmed (literally 'cause to kill') (one should cause to kill, incite violence)

• यः (yaḥ) - and who (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

• हन्तुकामस्य (hantukāmasya) - upon someone intending to kill them (of one wishing to kill, desiring to kill)

• न (na) - does not (not, no)

• पापम् (pāpam) - evil (evil, sin, misfortune)

• इच्छेत् (icchet) - should wish (one should wish, desire)

• तस्मै (tasmai) - to such a one (to him, for that (masculine dative singular))

• देवाः (devāḥ) - the gods (deva) (gods, deities)

• स्पृहयन्ति (spṛhayanti) - themselves long (they desire, long for, envy)

• आगताय (āgatāya) - who has achieved this state (for one who has come, for one who has arrived, for one who has attained)

Words meanings and morphology

वादम् (vādam) - arguments (speech, discourse, argument, dispute)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vāda

vāda - speech, discourse, argument, dispute

from root vad

Root: vad (class 1)

तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

pronominal stem

न (na) - neither (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here in a correlative sense ('neither...nor').

प्रवदेत् (pravadet) - engages in (arguments) (one should speak, declare)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of vad

root vad, 1st class, Parasmaipada, Optative 3rd singular

Prefix: pra

Root: vad (class 1)

न (na) - nor (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here in a correlative sense ('neither...nor').

वादयेत् (vādayet) - provokes (arguments) (one should cause to speak, one should cause to dispute, provoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of vad

Causative, Optative 3rd singular

Causative stem vādaya from root vad, 1st class, Parasmaipada, Optative 3rd singular

Root: vad (class 1)

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

pronominal stem

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आहतः (āhataḥ) - (if) struck (struck, hit, wounded)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āhata

āhata - struck, hit, wounded

Past Passive Participle

from root han with prefix ā

Prefix: ā

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Implies 'if one is struck' or 'having not been struck'.

प्रतिहन्यात् (pratihanyāt) - retaliate (one should strike back, retaliate)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of han

root han, 2nd class, Parasmaipada, Optative 3rd singular

Prefix: prati

Root: han (class 2)

न (na) - and does not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

घातयेत् (ghātayet) - cause others to be harmed (literally 'cause to kill') (one should cause to kill, incite violence)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of han

Causative, Optative 3rd singular

Causative stem ghātaya from root han, 2nd class, Parasmaipada, Optative 3rd singular

Root: han (class 2)

यः (yaḥ) - and who (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

pronominal stem

हन्तुकामस्य (hantukāmasya) - upon someone intending to kill them (of one wishing to kill, desiring to kill)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of hantukāma

hantukāma - desiring to kill, wishing to kill

from hantum (infinitive of han) + kāma

• hantum – to kill
  indeclinable
  Infinitive
  from root han
  Root: han (class 2)
• kāma – desire, wish
  noun (masculine)
  Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Refers to a person.

न (na) - does not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

पापम् (pāpam) - evil (evil, sin, misfortune)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pāpa

pāpa - evil, sin, misfortune, bad deed

इच्छेत् (icchet) - should wish (one should wish, desire)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of iṣ

root iṣ, 6th class, Parasmaipada, Optative 3rd singular

Root: iṣ (class 6)

तस्मै (tasmai) - to such a one (to him, for that (masculine dative singular))

(pronoun)

Dative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

pronominal stem

देवाः (devāḥ) - the gods (deva) (gods, deities)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of deva

deva - god, deity, divine being

Root: div

स्पृहयन्ति (spṛhayanti) - themselves long (they desire, long for, envy)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of spṛh

root spṛh, 10th class, Parasmaipada, Present 3rd plural

Root: spṛh (class 10)

आगताय (āgatāya) - who has achieved this state (for one who has come, for one who has arrived, for one who has attained)

(adjective)

Dative, masculine, singular of āgata

āgata - come, arrived, attained, reached

Past Passive Participle

from root gam with prefix ā

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)