महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-9, verse-57

ततः प्रववृते युद्धं भीरूणां भयवर्धनम् ।
तावकानां परेषां च मृत्युं कृत्वा निवर्तनम् ॥५७॥

57. tataḥ pravavṛte yuddhaṁ bhīrūṇāṁ bhayavardhanam ,
tāvakānāṁ pareṣāṁ ca mṛtyuṁ kṛtvā nivartanam.

57. tataḥ pravavṛte yuddham bhīrūṇām bhayavardhanam
tāvakānām pareṣām ca mṛtyum kṛtvā nivartanam

57. tataḥ yuddham bhīrūṇām tāvakānām ca pareṣām ca
bhayavardhanam mṛtyum nivartanam kṛtvā pravavṛte

57. Then the battle began, which intensified the fear of the timid, for both your warriors and the enemies, as death became the only way to cease engagement (lit. return).

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereafter, from that

• प्रववृते (pravavṛte) - it began, it commenced, it turned forward

• युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle, fight, war

• भीरूणाम् (bhīrūṇām) - of the timid, of the cowards

• भयवर्धनम् (bhayavardhanam) - increasing fear, fear-increasing

• तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - Refers to the Kaurava warriors. (of your (men/warriors), belonging to you)

• परेषाम् (pareṣām) - Qualifies 'bhīrūṇām'. (of others, of the enemies)

• च (ca) - and, also

• मृत्युम् (mṛtyum) - death

• कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having done, having made

• निवर्तनम् (nivartanam) - The means of cessation/retreat from battle. (returning, ceasing, retreat, cessation)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereafter, from that

(indeclinable)

from 'tad' (that) + 'tas' suffix

प्रववृते (pravavṛte) - it began, it commenced, it turned forward

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past perfect (lit) of vṛt

perfect middle

Reduplicated perfect, 3rd person singular, Ātmanepada, with prefix 'pra'

Prefix: pra

Root: vṛt (class 1)

युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle, fight, war

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

Past Passive Participle (used as noun)

from root 'yudh'

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'pravavṛte'.

भीरूणाम् (bhīrūṇām) - of the timid, of the cowards

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bhīru

bhīru - timid, fearful, coward

from root 'bhī'

Root: bhī (class 3)

भयवर्धनम् (bhayavardhanam) - increasing fear, fear-increasing

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of bhayavardhana

bhayavardhana - increasing fear, causing fear

from 'bhaya' (fear) + root 'vṛdh' (to grow) with 'ana' suffix

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhaya+vardhana)

• bhaya – fear, dread
  noun (neuter)
  from root 'bhī'
  Root: bhī (class 3)
• vardhana – increasing, causing to grow
  adjective (neuter)
  agent noun / present active participle suffix
  from causative of root 'vṛdh'
  Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'yuddham'.

तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - Refers to the Kaurava warriors. (of your (men/warriors), belonging to you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, yours, belonging to you

from 'tva' (you) with suffix 'aka'

Note: Qualifies 'bhīrūṇām'.

परेषाम् (pareṣām) - Qualifies 'bhīrūṇām'. (of others, of the enemies)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of para

para - other, supreme, enemy

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

मृत्युम् (mṛtyum) - death

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mṛtyu

mṛtyu - death, Yama (god of death)

from root 'mṛ'

Root: mṛ (class 6)

Note: Object of 'kṛtvā'.

कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having done, having made

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

from root 'kṛ' (to do, make) + suffix 'tvā'

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Meaning 'making death...' or 'with death as...'

निवर्तनम् (nivartanam) - The means of cessation/retreat from battle. (returning, ceasing, retreat, cessation)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nivartana

nivartana - turning back, cessation, retreat, bringing back

action noun

from 'ni' + root 'vṛt' (to turn) with 'ana' suffix

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Complement of 'kṛtvā', forming 'making death the retreat'.