महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-9, verse-37

स रथेऽतिरथस्तिष्ठन्रथशक्तिं परामृशत् ।
स्वर्णदण्डामकुण्ठाग्रां तैलधौतां सुनिर्मलाम् ॥३७॥

37. sa rathe'tirathastiṣṭhanrathaśaktiṁ parāmṛśat ,
svarṇadaṇḍāmakuṇṭhāgrāṁ tailadhautāṁ sunirmalām.

37. sa rathe atirathaḥ tiṣṭhan rathaśaktiṃ parāmṛśat
svarṇadaṇḍām akuṇṭhāgrām tailadhautām sunirmalām

37. sa atirathaḥ rathe tiṣṭhan svarṇadaṇḍām akuṇṭhāgrām
tailadhautām sunirmalām rathaśaktiṃ parāmṛśat

37. Standing in his chariot, that great warrior (Nakula) grasped a chariot-spear with a golden shaft, an unblunted tip, cleansed with oil, and very pure.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - he

• रथे (rathe) - in the chariot

• अतिरथः (atirathaḥ) - a great warrior, a superior charioteer

• तिष्ठन् (tiṣṭhan) - standing

• रथशक्तिं (rathaśaktiṁ) - chariot-spear

• परामृशत् (parāmṛśat) - he grasped, seized

• स्वर्णदण्डाम् (svarṇadaṇḍām) - with a golden shaft

• अकुण्ठाग्राम् (akuṇṭhāgrām) - with an unblunted tip

• तैलधौताम् (tailadhautām) - cleansed with oil

• सुनिर्मलाम् (sunirmalām) - very pure, very clean

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he

Nominative singular masculine of 'tad'.

Note: Subject.

रथे (rathe) - in the chariot

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot

Masculine noun.

Note: Indicates location.

अतिरथः (atirathaḥ) - a great warrior, a superior charioteer

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of atiratha

atiratha - a great warrior, one who can fight a thousand charioteers, a superior charioteer

Avyayībhāva or Tatpuruṣa compound (ati 'beyond, superior' + ratha 'chariot/warrior'). Contextually, it's a great warrior.

Compound type : avyayībhāva (ati+ratha)

• ati – beyond, excessive, superior
  indeclinable
  Prefix/preposition
• ratha – chariot, warrior (in a chariot)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Epithet for Nakula.

तिष्ठन् (tiṣṭhan) - standing

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sthā

sthā - to stand, to remain, to exist

Present Active Participle

From root √sthā (1st class), present stem tiṣṭha-.

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Describes Nakula's state while performing the action.

रथशक्तिं (rathaśaktiṁ) - chariot-spear

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of rathaśakti

rathaśakti - chariot-spear, a lance or javelin used from a chariot

Tatpuruṣa compound (ratha-sambandhinī śaktiḥ).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+śakti)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• śakti – spear, lance; power (śakti)
  noun (feminine)

Note: Direct object of 'parāmṛśat'.

परामृशत् (parāmṛśat) - he grasped, seized

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of parāmṛś

Imperfect tense, Active voice, 3rd person singular

From root √mṛś (6th class) with upasarga parā-. The 'a-' augment indicates past tense.

Prefix: parā

Root: mṛś (class 6)

स्वर्णदण्डाम् (svarṇadaṇḍām) - with a golden shaft

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of svarṇadaṇḍa

svarṇadaṇḍa - having a golden staff/handle/shaft

Bahuvrīhi compound, describing the spear (śakti).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (svarṇa+daṇḍa)

• svarṇa – gold, golden
  noun (neuter)
• daṇḍa – stick, staff, rod, shaft
  noun (masculine)

Note: Describes rathaśaktiṃ.

अकुण्ठाग्राम् (akuṇṭhāgrām) - with an unblunted tip

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of akuṇṭhāgrā

akuṇṭhāgra - having an unblunted or sharp point/tip

Bahuvrīhi compound: a- (not) + kuṇṭha (blunt) + agra (tip).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (a+kuṇṭha+agra)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• kuṇṭha – blunt, dull
  adjective
• agra – tip, point, front
  noun (neuter)

Note: Describes rathaśaktiṃ.

तैलधौताम् (tailadhautām) - cleansed with oil

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tailadhautā

tailadhauta - cleansed/washed with oil

Tatpuruṣa compound (tailena dhautā).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (taila+dhauta)

• taila – oil
  noun (neuter)
• dhauta – cleansed, washed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √dhāv 'to wash'
  Root: dhāv (class 1)

Note: Describes rathaśaktiṃ.

सुनिर्मलाम् (sunirmalām) - very pure, very clean

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of sunirmalā

sunirmala - very pure, very clean, spotless

Compound: su- (very, good) + nir- (without) + mala (dirt).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+nirmala)

• su – good, well, very
  indeclinable
  Prefix
• nirmala – spotless, clean, pure
  adjective
  Compound: nis- + mala
  Prefix: nis

Note: Describes rathaśaktiṃ.