महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-169, verse-10

कथं च शतधा जिह्वा न ते मूर्धा च दीर्यते ।
गुरुमाक्रोशतः क्षुद्र न चाधर्मेण पात्यसे ॥१०॥

10. kathaṁ ca śatadhā jihvā na te mūrdhā ca dīryate ,
gurumākrośataḥ kṣudra na cādharmeṇa pātyase.

10. katham ca śatadhā jihvā na te mūrdhā ca dīryate
gurum ākrośataḥ kṣudra na ca adharmeṇa pātyase

10. kṣudra,
gurum ākrośataḥ te jihvā śatadhā na dīryate ca mūrdhā ca (na dīryate) katham? ca adharmeṇa (tvam) na pātyase katham?

10. O wretch, how is it that your tongue does not split into a hundred pieces, and your head does not burst, while you revile your preceptor (guru)? And why are you not cast down by unrighteousness (adharma)?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• शतधा (śatadhā) - into a hundred parts, a hundredfold

• जिह्वा (jihvā) - tongue

• न (na) - not, no

• ते (te) - your, of you

• मूर्धा (mūrdhā) - head, top

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• दीर्यते (dīryate) - is split, is burst, is torn apart

• गुरुम् (gurum) - preceptor, teacher, weighty, heavy

• आक्रोशतः (ākrośataḥ) - reviling, insulting

• क्षुद्र (kṣudra) - wretched, lowly, vile, mean

• न (na) - not, no

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• अधर्मेण (adharmeṇa) - by unrighteousness, by injustice, by irreligion

• पात्यसे (pātyase) - you are made to fall, you are thrown down

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

शतधा (śatadhā) - into a hundred parts, a hundredfold

(indeclinable)

suffix -dhā denoting 'in how many parts' or 'how many times'

जिह्वा (jihvā) - tongue

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of jihvā

jihvā - tongue, language, speech

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

ते (te) - your, of you

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of tvad

tvad - you

मूर्धा (mūrdhā) - head, top

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mūrdhan

mūrdhan - head, top, highest point

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

दीर्यते (dīryate) - is split, is burst, is torn apart

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (lat) of dṛ

present indicative

3rd person singular, passive voice

Root: dṛ (class 4)

गुरुम् (gurum) - preceptor, teacher, weighty, heavy

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of guru

guru - teacher, preceptor (guru), spiritual guide, weighty, heavy, important

आक्रोशतः (ākrośataḥ) - reviling, insulting

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, singular of ākrośat

ākrośat - reviling, insulting, abusing, crying out against

present active participle

from root kruś (1P) 'to cry out', with upasarga ā-

Prefix: ā

Root: kruś (class 1)

Note: Implies 'of him who is reviling', referring to 'you' (tvam)

क्षुद्र (kṣudra) - wretched, lowly, vile, mean

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of kṣudra

kṣudra - small, insignificant, mean, vile, wretched, wicked

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

अधर्मेण (adharmeṇa) - by unrighteousness, by injustice, by irreligion

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, injustice, irreligion, not according to natural law (dharma)

negation of dharma

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+dharma)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negation prefix
• dharma – duty, righteousness, virtue, natural law (dharma)
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

पात्यसे (pātyase) - you are made to fall, you are thrown down

(verb)

2nd person , singular, passive, present (lat) of pat

present indicative

2nd person singular, passive voice, middle voice ending

Root: pat (class 1)