मार्कण्डेय-पुराणम्
mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇam
-
chapter-49, verse-43
ग्रामं सघोषविन्यासं तेषु चावसथान् पृथक् ।
सोत्सेधवप्रकारञ्च सर्वतः परिखावृतम् ॥४३॥
सोत्सेधवप्रकारञ्च सर्वतः परिखावृतम् ॥४३॥
43. grāmaṃ saghoṣavinyāsaṃ teṣu cāvasathān pṛthak .
sotsedhavaprakārañca sarvataḥ parikhāvṛtam.
sotsedhavaprakārañca sarvataḥ parikhāvṛtam.
43.
grāmam sa-ghoṣa-vinyāsam teṣu ca avasathān pṛthak
| sa-utseva-vapra-kāram ca sarvataḥ parikhā-āvṛtam
| sa-utseva-vapra-kāram ca sarvataḥ parikhā-āvṛtam
43.
A village (grāma) should have designated areas for cattle enclosures, and separate dwellings within it. It should also be equipped with elevated ramparts and be surrounded on all sides by a moat.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- ग्रामम् (grāmam) - a village as a unit of settlement (a village, a rural settlement)
- स-घोष-विन्यासम् (sa-ghoṣa-vinyāsam) - having specific arrangements for cattle enclosures within the village (with cattle enclosures, having designated areas for herds)
- तेषु (teṣu) - among these settlements or within the village (among them, in them)
- च (ca) - and (and, also)
- अवसथान् (avasathān) - residential houses or structures (dwellings, residences, houses)
- पृथक् (pṛthak) - individual or distinct dwellings (separately, apart, distinctly)
- स-उत्सेव-वप्र-कारम् (sa-utseva-vapra-kāram) - possessing high protective walls or embankments (with elevated ramparts, having high walls)
- च (ca) - and (and, also)
- सर्वतः (sarvataḥ) - surrounding on all sides (on all sides, completely, everywhere)
- परिखा-आवृतम् (parikhā-āvṛtam) - completely encircled by a defensive ditch (surrounded by a moat)
Words meanings and morphology
ग्रामम् (grāmam) - a village as a unit of settlement (a village, a rural settlement)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of grāma
grāma - village, rural community, hamlet
स-घोष-विन्यासम् (sa-ghoṣa-vinyāsam) - having specific arrangements for cattle enclosures within the village (with cattle enclosures, having designated areas for herds)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, singular of sa-ghoṣa-vinyāsa
sa-ghoṣa-vinyāsa - with cow-pens, having arrangement of cattle sheds
Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+ghoṣa+vinyāsa)
- sa – with, together with
indeclinable - ghoṣa – cattle-pen, herdsman's station, sound, noise
noun (masculine) - vinyāsa – arrangement, disposition, layout
noun (masculine)
upasarga vi + ni + root as
Prefixes: vi+ni
Root: as (class 4)
Note: qualifies grāmam
तेषु (teṣu) - among these settlements or within the village (among them, in them)
(pronoun)
Locative, masculine, plural of tad
tad - that, those
Note: refers to the components of the village
च (ca) - and (and, also)
(indeclinable)
अवसथान् (avasathān) - residential houses or structures (dwellings, residences, houses)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of avasatha
avasatha - dwelling, habitation, house, abode, encampment
upasarga ava + root vas + athan
Prefix: ava
Root: vas (class 1)
पृथक् (pṛthak) - individual or distinct dwellings (separately, apart, distinctly)
(indeclinable)
स-उत्सेव-वप्र-कारम् (sa-utseva-vapra-kāram) - possessing high protective walls or embankments (with elevated ramparts, having high walls)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, singular of sa-utseva-vapra-kāra
sa-utseva-vapra-kāra - with elevated ramparts or embankments
Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+utseva+vapra+kāra)
- sa – with, together with
indeclinable - utseva – elevation, high, rising
noun (masculine)
upasarga ut + root si (to swell, rise)
Prefix: ut
Root: si (class 1) - vapra – rampart, embankment, wall, mound
noun (masculine) - kāra – making, causing, possessing
noun (masculine)
root kṛ + ghañ
Root: kṛ (class 8)
Note: qualifies grāmam
च (ca) - and (and, also)
(indeclinable)
सर्वतः (sarvataḥ) - surrounding on all sides (on all sides, completely, everywhere)
(indeclinable)
परिखा-आवृतम् (parikhā-āvṛtam) - completely encircled by a defensive ditch (surrounded by a moat)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, singular of parikhā-āvṛta
parikhā-āvṛta - surrounded by a moat
Past Passive Participle
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (parikhā+āvṛta)
- parikhā – a moat, ditch, trench
noun (feminine) - āvṛta – surrounded, covered, enclosed
adjective
Past Passive Participle
upasarga ā + root vṛ + kta
Prefix: ā
Root: vṛ (class 5)
Note: qualifies grāmam