मार्कण्डेय-पुराणम्
mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇam
-
chapter-49, verse-41
चतुर्णामथ दुर्गाणां स्वसमुत्थानि त्रीणि तु ।
चतुर्थं कृत्रिमं दुर्गं ते चक्रुर्यत्नतस्तु वै ॥४१॥
चतुर्थं कृत्रिमं दुर्गं ते चक्रुर्यत्नतस्तु वै ॥४१॥
41. caturṇāmatha durgāṇāṃ svasamutthāni trīṇi tu .
caturthaṃ kṛtrimaṃ durgaṃ te cakruryatnatastu vai.
caturthaṃ kṛtrimaṃ durgaṃ te cakruryatnatastu vai.
41.
caturṇām atha durgāṇām sva-samutthāni trīṇi tu
caturtham kṛtrimam durgam te cakruḥ yatnatas tu vai
caturtham kṛtrimam durgam te cakruḥ yatnatas tu vai
41.
Now, of four types of strongholds (durga), three are naturally formed. The fourth stronghold, however, is artificial, and they indeed constructed it with great effort.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- चतुर्णाम् (caturṇām) - of four
- अथ (atha) - now (now, then, and, moreover)
- दुर्गाणाम् (durgāṇām) - of strongholds (durga) (of forts, of strongholds)
- स्व-समुत्थानि (sva-samutthāni) - naturally formed (self-arisen, naturally formed, spontaneously produced)
- त्रीणि (trīṇi) - three
- तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, on the other hand)
- चतुर्थम् (caturtham) - the fourth
- कृत्रिमम् (kṛtrimam) - artificial (artificial, man-made, factitious)
- दुर्गम् (durgam) - stronghold (durga) (a fort, a stronghold)
- ते (te) - they (implied builders/rulers) (they)
- चक्रुः (cakruḥ) - they constructed (they made, they did, they constructed)
- यत्नतस् (yatnatas) - with great effort (with effort, diligently, painstakingly)
- तु (tu) - indeed (but, indeed, on the other hand)
- वै (vai) - certainly (indeed, certainly, assuredly)
Words meanings and morphology
चतुर्णाम् (caturṇām) - of four
(numeral)
अथ (atha) - now (now, then, and, moreover)
(indeclinable)
दुर्गाणाम् (durgāṇām) - of strongholds (durga) (of forts, of strongholds)
(noun)
Genitive, neuter, plural of durga
durga - a fort, a stronghold, an inaccessible place, difficult to pass
स्व-समुत्थानि (sva-samutthāni) - naturally formed (self-arisen, naturally formed, spontaneously produced)
(adjective)
Nominative, neuter, plural of svasamuttha
svasamuttha - self-originated, naturally grown, spontaneously produced
Formed from sva (self) + sam-ut-√sthā (to arise well/completely)
Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (sva+samuttha)
- sva – own, self
pronoun - samuttha – arisen, produced, originating from
adjective (neuter)
Past Passive Participle (implied from ut-√sthā)
From sam-ut-√sthā (to arise completely)
Prefixes: sam+ut
Root: √sthā (class 1)
Note: Predicate adjective, agrees with trīṇi.
त्रीणि (trīṇi) - three
(numeral)
तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, on the other hand)
(indeclinable)
Note: Conjunction indicating contrast.
चतुर्थम् (caturtham) - the fourth
(adjective)
Nominative, neuter, singular of caturtha
caturtha - fourth
Ordinal number from catur
Note: Agrees with durgam.
कृत्रिमम् (kṛtrimam) - artificial (artificial, man-made, factitious)
(adjective)
Nominative, neuter, singular of kṛtrima
kṛtrima - artificial, factitious, manufactured, man-made
From kṛti (making) + rima suffix, or related to √kṛ
Root: √kṛ (class 8)
Note: Agrees with durgam.
दुर्गम् (durgam) - stronghold (durga) (a fort, a stronghold)
(noun)
Nominative, neuter, singular of durga
durga - a fort, a stronghold, an inaccessible place
ते (te) - they (implied builders/rulers) (they)
(pronoun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of tad
tad - that, he, she, it
Note: Refers to unspecified people who built the fort.
चक्रुः (cakruḥ) - they constructed (they made, they did, they constructed)
(verb)
3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of √kṛ
Perfect tense
Perfect active, 3rd plural, parasmaipada.
Root: √kṛ (class 8)
यत्नतस् (yatnatas) - with great effort (with effort, diligently, painstakingly)
(indeclinable)
Adverb derived from yatna with suffix -tas
तु (tu) - indeed (but, indeed, on the other hand)
(indeclinable)
Note: Emphatic particle.
वै (vai) - certainly (indeed, certainly, assuredly)
(indeclinable)
Note: Emphatic particle.