महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-28, verse-5

अवश्यं तु मया वाच्यं बुध्यतां यदि ते हितम् ।
विशेषतो रथस्थेन राज्ञश्चैव हितैषिणा ॥५॥

5. avaśyaṁ tu mayā vācyaṁ budhyatāṁ yadi te hitam ,
viśeṣato rathasthena rājñaścaiva hitaiṣiṇā.

5. avaśyam tu mayā vācyam budhyatām yadi te hitam
viśeṣataḥ ratha-sthena rājñaḥ ca eva hita-iṣiṇā

5. tu,
mayā avaśyam vācyam (etat); yadi te hitam budhyatām.
viśeṣataḥ ratha-sthena ca eva rājñaḥ hita-iṣiṇā (mayā).

5. However, what is beneficial for you must certainly be spoken by me, if it is to be understood. Especially so, as I am stationed on a chariot and am a well-wisher of the king.

Words meanings summery:

• अवश्यम् (avaśyam) - certainly (certainly, necessarily, inevitably, surely)

• तु (tu) - however (but, however, indeed, on the other hand)

• मया (mayā) - by me

• वाच्यम् (vācyam) - must certainly be spoken (to be spoken, to be said, must be spoken)

• बुध्यताम् (budhyatām) - if it is to be understood (let them understand, let it be understood, for understanding)

• यदि (yadi) - if, in case that

• ते (te) - for you (to you, for you, your)

• हितम् (hitam) - your benefit (beneficial, welfare, good, advantage)

• विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially (especially, particularly, specifically)

• रथ-स्थेन (ratha-sthena) - by me, who am stationed on a chariot (by one standing on a chariot, by a charioteer)

• राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of the king

• च (ca) - and, also

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

• हित-इषिणा (hita-iṣiṇā) - by a well-wisher (by a well-wisher, by one desiring benefit)

Words meanings and morphology

अवश्यम् (avaśyam) - certainly (certainly, necessarily, inevitably, surely)

(indeclinable)

Adverbial form of avaśya (necessary).

तु (tu) - however (but, however, indeed, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

Particle of contrast or emphasis.

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of asmad

asmad - I (1st person pronoun)

Instrumental form of asmad.

वाच्यम् (vācyam) - must certainly be spoken (to be spoken, to be said, must be spoken)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vācya

vācya - to be spoken, to be said, mentionable, fit to be spoken

Gerundive (karmaṇi prayogya)

Formed from root vac (to speak) with suffix ya.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Gerundives function adjectivally and imply passive voice and obligation.

बुध्यताम् (budhyatām) - if it is to be understood (let them understand, let it be understood, for understanding)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle/passive, imperative (loṭ) of budh

Root budh.

Root: budh (class 4)

Note: The ambiguity in number (singular impersonal vs. plural) does not significantly alter the meaning here; it's generally about understanding by the recipient of the advice.

यदि (yadi) - if, in case that

(indeclinable)

Conjunction for conditional clauses.

ते (te) - for you (to you, for you, your)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (2nd person pronoun)

Dative/genitive form of yuṣmad.

Note: Can also be genitive, but dative 'for you' fits better with 'welfare'.

हितम् (hitam) - your benefit (beneficial, welfare, good, advantage)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of hita

hita - beneficial, good, advantage, welfare, placed

Past Passive Participle

Can be a PPP of dhā ('to place'), meaning 'placed', but here used as a noun meaning 'welfare' or an adjective 'beneficial'.

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: While grammatically PPP, it functions as a noun 'welfare' or an adjective 'beneficial'.

विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially (especially, particularly, specifically)

(indeclinable)

Adverbial suffix tas.

रथ-स्थेन (ratha-sthena) - by me, who am stationed on a chariot (by one standing on a chariot, by a charioteer)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ratha-stha

ratha-stha - standing on a chariot, situated in a chariot, charioteer

Compound of ratha (chariot) and stha (standing).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+stha)

• ratha – chariot, car, vehicle
  noun (masculine)
• stha – standing, situated, being in
  adjective (masculine)
  Kṛt suffix
  Derived from root sthā (to stand) with suffix ḍa (Pāṇini 3.2.4).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Functions as an attribute of the speaker (implied 'by me who is').

राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of the king

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

n-stem noun.

Note: Shows relationship of possession or belonging with hita-iṣiṇā.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

हित-इषिणा (hita-iṣiṇā) - by a well-wisher (by a well-wisher, by one desiring benefit)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of hita-iṣin

hita-iṣin - well-wisher, desiring good, benefactor

Compound of hita (welfare) and iṣin (desiring). iṣin is derived from root iṣ (to wish).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (hita+iṣin)

• hita – welfare, benefit, good
  noun (neuter)
• iṣin – desiring, wishing, seeking
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun/adjective
  Derived from root iṣ (to wish, desire) with suffix in.
  Root: iṣ (class 6)

Note: Refers to the speaker's role as a well-wisher of the king.