महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-88, verse-25

तवाचार्यो रणं हित्वा गतः कापुरुषो यथा ।
युध्यमानं हि मां हित्वा प्रदक्षिणमवर्तत ॥२५॥

25. tavācāryo raṇaṁ hitvā gataḥ kāpuruṣo yathā ,
yudhyamānaṁ hi māṁ hitvā pradakṣiṇamavartata.

25. tava ācāryaḥ raṇam hitvā gataḥ kāpuruṣaḥ yathā
yudhyamānam hi mām hitvā pradakṣiṇam avartata

25. tava ācāryaḥ yathā kāpuruṣaḥ raṇam hitvā gataḥ
hi mām yudhyamānam hitvā pradakṣiṇam avartata

25. Your preceptor, having abandoned the battle, has left like a coward. Indeed, having forsaken me while I was fighting, he retreated.

Words meanings summery:

• तव (tava) - your, of you

• आचार्यः (ācāryaḥ) - Refers to Yudhisthira. (preceptor, teacher)

• रणम् (raṇam) - battle, war, combat

• हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned, having left

• गतः (gataḥ) - gone, departed

• कापुरुषः (kāpuruṣaḥ) - a coward, a bad man

• यथा (yathā) - as, like, just as

• युध्यमानम् (yudhyamānam) - fighting, while fighting

• हि (hi) - indeed, because, for

• माम् (mām) - Drona himself (me)

• हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned, having left

• प्रदक्षिणम् (pradakṣiṇam) - In this context, it implies turning away or retreating, given the preceding context of 'coward'. (to the right, clockwise)

• अवर्तत (avartata) - turned, moved, proceeded, retreated

Words meanings and morphology

तव (tava) - your, of you

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Genitive singular of 'yuṣmad' (second person pronoun).

Note: Refers to Yuyudhāna (Satyaki), implying Yudhisthira.

आचार्यः (ācāryaḥ) - Refers to Yudhisthira. (preceptor, teacher)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ācārya

ācārya - preceptor, teacher, instructor

From ā-car (to practice, to follow).

Prefix: ā

Root: car (class 1)

रणम् (raṇam) - battle, war, combat

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, fight, joy, sound

From root raṇ (to delight, to sound).

Root: raṇ (class 1)

हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned, having left

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Absolutive form of root hā (to abandon, to leave).

Root: hā (class 3)

गतः (gataḥ) - gone, departed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, departed, arrived at, reached

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of root gam (to go), nominative singular masculine.

Root: gam (class 1)

कापुरुषः (kāpuruṣaḥ) - a coward, a bad man

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kāpuruṣa

kāpuruṣa - coward, a contemptible man, bad man

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'kā' (bad/contemptible) + 'puruṣa' (man).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ka+puruṣa)

• ka – bad, evil, contemptible
  adjective
  Prefix indicating contempt or badness.
• puruṣa – man, person, male, the supreme cosmic person (puruṣa)
  noun (masculine)
  Root: pṛ (class 3)

यथा (yathā) - as, like, just as

(indeclinable)

Relative adverb.

Note: Used for comparison.

युध्यमानम् (yudhyamānam) - fighting, while fighting

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yudhyamāna

yudhyamāna - fighting, one who is fighting

Present Middle Participle

Present middle participle of root yudh (to fight), accusative singular masculine.

Root: yudh (class 4)

हि (hi) - indeed, because, for

(indeclinable)

Emphatic or causal particle.

माम् (mām) - Drona himself (me)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of aham

aham - I

Accusative singular of 'aham' (first person pronoun).

हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned, having left

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Absolutive form of root hā (to abandon, to leave).

Root: hā (class 3)

प्रदक्षिणम् (pradakṣiṇam) - In this context, it implies turning away or retreating, given the preceding context of 'coward'. (to the right, clockwise)

(indeclinable)

Formed from pra (forward/forth) and dakṣiṇa (right). Used adverbially here.

Note: Used adverbially as an accusative neuter singular form of the adjective 'pradakṣiṇa'.

अवर्तत (avartata) - turned, moved, proceeded, retreated

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (Laṅ) of vṛt

Imperfect Middle

From root vṛt (to turn), imperfect 3rd person singular, middle voice, with augment 'a'.

Root: vṛt (class 1)