महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-166, verse-3

तमधर्मेण धर्मिष्ठं धृष्टद्युम्नेन संजय ।
श्रुत्वा निहतमाचार्यमश्वत्थामा किमब्रवीत् ॥३॥

3. tamadharmeṇa dharmiṣṭhaṁ dhṛṣṭadyumnena saṁjaya ,
śrutvā nihatamācāryamaśvatthāmā kimabravīt.

3. tam adharmeṇa dharmiṣṭham dhṛṣṭadyumnena sañjaya
śrutvā nihatam ācāryam aśvatthāmā kim abravīt

3. sañjaya dhṛṣṭadyumnena adharmeṇa nihatam tam
dharmiṣṭham ācāryam śrutvā aśvatthāmā kim abravīt

3. O Sañjaya, what did Aśvatthāmā say after hearing that the most righteous teacher was slain by Dhṛṣṭadyumna through an unrighteous (adharma) act?

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him, that

• अधर्मेण (adharmeṇa) - by unrighteousness, by injustice

• धर्मिष्ठम् (dharmiṣṭham) - most righteous, most virtuous, most observant of (dharma)

• धृष्टद्युम्नेन (dhṛṣṭadyumnena) - by Dhṛṣṭadyumna

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

• निहतम् (nihatam) - slain, killed

• आचार्यम् (ācāryam) - teacher, preceptor, master

• अश्वत्थामा (aśvatthāmā) - Aśvatthāmā

• किम् (kim) - what

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said, spoke

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him, that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the teacher (ācāryam).

अधर्मेण (adharmeṇa) - by unrighteousness, by injustice

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, demerit, injustice, vice, evil

Compound of 'a' (negation) and 'dharma'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+dharma)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• dharma – natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue, constitution
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

धर्मिष्ठम् (dharmiṣṭham) - most righteous, most virtuous, most observant of (dharma)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharmiṣṭha

dharmiṣṭha - most righteous, most virtuous, most observant of dharma

Superlative suffix -iṣṭha applied to dharmin (righteous).

Note: Modifies 'ācāryam'.

धृष्टद्युम्नेन (dhṛṣṭadyumnena) - by Dhṛṣṭadyumna

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dhṛṣṭadyumna

dhṛṣṭadyumna - Dhṛṣṭadyumna (a character in the Mahābhārata)

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sañjaya (charioteer and narrator to Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed with suffix -tvā.

Root: śru (class 5)

निहतम् (nihatam) - slain, killed

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - killed, slain, struck down

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √han with prefix ni.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'ācāryam'.

आचार्यम् (ācāryam) - teacher, preceptor, master

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ācārya

ācārya - teacher, preceptor, master

अश्वत्थामा (aśvatthāmā) - Aśvatthāmā

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aśvatthāman

aśvatthāman - Aśvatthāmā (son of Droṇa)

किम् (kim) - what

(indeclinable)

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of abravīt

Imperfect 3rd singular active.

Root: brū (class 2)