महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-58, verse-20

तस्मिन्दाशरथे युद्धे वर्तमाने भयावहे ।
तावकानां परेषां च प्रेक्षका रथिनोऽभवन् ॥२०॥

20. tasmindāśarathe yuddhe vartamāne bhayāvahe ,
tāvakānāṁ pareṣāṁ ca prekṣakā rathino'bhavan.

20. tasmin dāśarathe yuddhe vartamāne bhayāvahe
tāvakānām pareṣām ca prekṣakāḥ rathinaḥ abhavan

20. tasmin dāśarathe bhayāvahe vartamāne yuddhe
tāvakānām ca pareṣām ca rathinaḥ prekṣakāḥ abhavan

20. In that dreadful, terrible, ongoing battle, the chariot-warriors on both your side and the enemy's side became mere spectators.

Words meanings summery:

• तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that particular battle (in that)

• दाशरथे (dāśarathe) - relating to Daśaratha, son of Daśaratha

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in the battle, in the war

• वर्तमाने (vartamāne) - in the ongoing battle (being, existing, ongoing)

• भयावहे (bhayāvahe) - in the dreadful battle (dreadful, terrible, causing fear)

• तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's army (Kauravas) (of your men, of your side)

• परेषाम् (pareṣām) - of the opposing army (Pāṇḍavas) (of the others, of the enemies)

• च (ca) - and, also

• प्रेक्षकाः (prekṣakāḥ) - The chariot-warriors became mere onlookers (spectators, onlookers)

• रथिनः (rathinaḥ) - The warriors fighting from chariots (chariot-warriors, charioteers)

• अभवन् (abhavan) - The chariot-warriors became spectators (they became, they were)

Words meanings and morphology

तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that particular battle (in that)

(pronoun)

Locative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that

Note: Qualifies 'yuddhe'.

दाशरथे (dāśarathe) - relating to Daśaratha, son of Daśaratha

(proper noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of dāśaratha

dāśaratha - son of Daśaratha, relating to Daśaratha

patronymic derived from Daśaratha

Note: See 'word_base_data_json' notes for explanation.

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in the battle, in the war

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, war, combat

from root `yudh` (to fight)

Root: yudh (class 4)

वर्तमाने (vartamāne) - in the ongoing battle (being, existing, ongoing)

(participle)

Locative, neuter, singular of vartamāna

vartamāna - being, existing, present, ongoing

present middle participle

from root `vṛt` (to turn, be) + `śānac`

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'yuddhe'.

भयावहे (bhayāvahe) - in the dreadful battle (dreadful, terrible, causing fear)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of bhayāvaha

bhayāvaha - causing fear, dreadful, terrible

from `bhaya` (fear) + `vaha` (carrying, causing)

Compound type : tatpurusha (bhaya+vaha)

• bhaya – fear, dread
  noun (neuter)
  from root `bhī` (to fear)
  Root: bhī (class 3)
• vaha – carrying, bringing, causing
  adjective (neuter)
  nominal derivative
  from root `vah` (to carry)
  Root: vah (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'yuddhe'.

तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's army (Kauravas) (of your men, of your side)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, yours, your men

derived from `tva` (you)

Note: Refers to Dhṛtarāṣṭra's side.

परेषाम् (pareṣām) - of the opposing army (Pāṇḍavas) (of the others, of the enemies)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of para

para - other, different, enemy

Note: Refers to the enemy side.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

प्रेक्षकाः (prekṣakāḥ) - The chariot-warriors became mere onlookers (spectators, onlookers)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of prekṣaka

prekṣaka - spectator, beholder, viewer

nominal derivative (agent noun)

from `pra` + root `īkṣ` (to see) + `ṇaka`

Prefix: pra

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative with 'abhavan'.

रथिनः (rathinaḥ) - The warriors fighting from chariots (chariot-warriors, charioteers)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rathin

rathin - one who has a chariot, chariot-warrior, charioteer

derived from `ratha` (chariot) + `in` (possessive suffix)

Note: Subject of 'abhavan'.

अभवन् (abhavan) - The chariot-warriors became spectators (they became, they were)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

imperfect

third person plural active voice

Root: bhū (class 1)