वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-46, verse-22

आयन्तं सरथं दृष्ट्वा तूर्णमिन्द्रजितं कपिः ।
विननाद महानादं व्यवर्धत च वेगवान् ॥२२॥

22. āyantaṃ sarathaṃ dṛṣṭvā tūrṇamindrajitaṃ kapiḥ ,
vinanāda mahānādaṃ vyavardhata ca vegavān.

22. āyantam sa-ratham dṛṣṭvā tūrṇam indrajitam
kapiḥ vinanāda mahā-nādam vyavardhata ca vegavān

22. kapiḥ,
āyantam sa-ratham tūrṇam indrajitam dṛṣṭvā,
mahā-nādam vinanāda; vegavān ca vyavardhata

22. The swift monkey (Hanuman), seeing Indrajit quickly approaching with his chariot, roared a great roar and expanded in size.

Words meanings summery:

• आयन्तम् (āyantam) - approaching (coming, approaching)

• स-रथम् (sa-ratham) - with his chariot (with his chariot, accompanied by a chariot)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - seeing (having seen)

• तूर्णम् (tūrṇam) - quickly (quickly, swiftly, immediately)

• इन्द्रजितम् (indrajitam) - Indrajit (Indrajit (proper noun))

• कपिः (kapiḥ) - the monkey (Hanuman) (monkey, ape)

• विननाद (vinanāda) - roared (he roared, he cried out)

• महा-नादम् (mahā-nādam) - a great roar

• व्यवर्धत (vyavardhata) - expanded in size (he grew, he expanded)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• वेगवान् (vegavān) - swift (referring to Hanuman) (swift, mighty, powerful)

Words meanings and morphology

आयन्तम् (āyantam) - approaching (coming, approaching)

(nominal form)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ā-yat

ā-yat - coming, approaching, advancing

Present Active Participle

From root 'i' (to go) with prefix 'ā' and participle suffix '-at'.

Prefix: ā

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'indrajitam'.

स-रथम् (sa-ratham) - with his chariot (with his chariot, accompanied by a chariot)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sa-ratha

sa-ratha - with a chariot, accompanied by a chariot

Compound of 'sa' (with) and 'ratha' (chariot).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+ratha)

• sa – with, together with
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating association.
• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'ram' (to sport, to enjoy).
  Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'indrajitam'.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - seeing (having seen)

(indeclinable)

gerund/absolutive

From root 'dṛś' (to see) with suffix '-tvā'.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Expresses an action preceding 'vinanāda' and 'vyavardhata'.

तूर्णम् (tūrṇam) - quickly (quickly, swiftly, immediately)

(indeclinable)

Past Passive Participle

From root 'tvar' (to hasten). Used adverbially here.

Root: tvar (class 1)

Note: Adverb modifying 'āyantam'.

इन्द्रजितम् (indrajitam) - Indrajit (Indrajit (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of indrajit

indrajit - conqueror of Indra; a son of Ravana (proper noun)

Compound of 'indra' (god Indra) and 'jit' (conqueror).

Compound type : tatpurusha (indra+jit)

• indra – chief of the gods, Indra
  proper noun (masculine)
• jit – conquering, victorious; conqueror
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent Noun
  From root 'ji' (to conquer).
  Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

कपिः (kapiḥ) - the monkey (Hanuman) (monkey, ape)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kapi

kapi - monkey, ape

Note: Subject of 'vinanāda' and 'vyavardhata'.

विननाद (vinanāda) - roared (he roared, he cried out)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vi-nad

perfect tense

Reduplicated perfect form (LiT). 'vinanāda' is 3rd person singular perfect.

Prefix: vi

Root: nad (class 1)

Note: Main verb.

महा-नादम् (mahā-nādam) - a great roar

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahā-nāda

mahā-nāda - a great sound, a loud roar

Compound of 'mahā' (great) and 'nāda' (sound, roar).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+nāda)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
  From 'mahat'.
• nāda – sound, roar, cry, noise
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'nad' (to sound, roar).
  Root: nad (class 1)

Note: Object of 'vinanāda'.

व्यवर्धत (vyavardhata) - expanded in size (he grew, he expanded)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (Laṅ) of vi-vṛdh

imperfect tense

'vyavardhata' is 3rd person singular imperfect (Laṅ) Middle voice. 'vi' + 'avardhata' (imperfect of 'vṛdh').

Prefix: vi

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Main verb, coordinated with 'vinanāda'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'vinanāda' and 'vyavardhata'.

वेगवान् (vegavān) - swift (referring to Hanuman) (swift, mighty, powerful)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vegavat

vegavat - swift, quick, powerful, rapid

'vega' (speed, force) + 'vat' (possessive suffix).

Note: Adjective modifying 'kapiḥ'.