महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-64, verse-31

स संप्रहारस्तुमुलः संप्रवृत्तः सुदारुणः ।
एकस्य च बहूनां च रथनागनरक्षयः ॥३१॥

31. sa saṁprahārastumulaḥ saṁpravṛttaḥ sudāruṇaḥ ,
ekasya ca bahūnāṁ ca rathanāganarakṣayaḥ.

31. saḥ saṃprahāraḥ tumulaḥ saṃpravṛttaḥ sudāruṇaḥ
ekasya ca bahūnām ca rathanāganarakṣayaḥ

31. saḥ tumulaḥ sudāruṇaḥ saṃprahāraḥ saṃpravṛttaḥ
ca ekasya ca bahūnām rathanāganarakṣayaḥ

31. Then, a tumultuous and very terrible battle began, causing the destruction of chariots, elephants, and men, affecting both one (side) and many (the other side).

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - Refers to the battle (saṃprahāraḥ). (that, he)

• संप्रहारः (saṁprahāraḥ) - battle, combat, violent blow

• तुमुलः (tumulaḥ) - tumultuous, boisterous, noisy

• संप्रवृत्तः (saṁpravṛttaḥ) - commenced, begun, started

• सुदारुणः (sudāruṇaḥ) - very terrible, exceedingly dreadful

• एकस्य (ekasya) - Of one side/person (implicitly, the Pāṇḍavas or a specific warrior). (of one)

• च (ca) - and

• बहूनाम् (bahūnām) - Of many (implicitly, the Kauravas or the opposing army). (of many)

• च (ca) - and

• रथनागनरक्षयः (rathanāganarakṣayaḥ) - destruction of chariots, elephants, and men

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - Refers to the battle (saṃprahāraḥ). (that, he)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Demonstrative pronoun.

संप्रहारः (saṁprahāraḥ) - battle, combat, violent blow

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃprahāra

saṁprahāra - battle, combat, conflict, violent striking

Derived from root hṛ (to seize, carry) with upasargas sam and pra

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: hṛ (class 1)

तुमुलः (tumulaḥ) - tumultuous, boisterous, noisy

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tumula

tumula - tumultuous, boisterous, noisy, great

Note: Qualifies saṃprahāraḥ.

संप्रवृत्तः (saṁpravṛttaḥ) - commenced, begun, started

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃpravṛtta

saṁpravṛtta - commenced, arisen, begun, engaged in

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root vṛt (to turn, exist) with upasargas sam and pra

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Qualifies saṃprahāraḥ.

सुदारुणः (sudāruṇaḥ) - very terrible, exceedingly dreadful

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sudāruṇa

sudāruṇa - very dreadful, exceedingly terrible, fierce

Compound type : tatpurusha (su+dāruṇa)

• su – good, well, very
  indeclinable
• dāruṇa – terrible, dreadful, harsh
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Qualifies saṃprahāraḥ.

एकस्य (ekasya) - Of one side/person (implicitly, the Pāṇḍavas or a specific warrior). (of one)

(numeral)

Note: Genitive case indicating relation.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

बहूनाम् (bahūnām) - Of many (implicitly, the Kauravas or the opposing army). (of many)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bahu

bahu - many, much, numerous

Note: Genitive case indicating relation.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

रथनागनरक्षयः (rathanāganarakṣayaḥ) - destruction of chariots, elephants, and men

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rathanāganarakṣaya

rathanāganarakṣaya - destruction of chariots, elephants, and men

Compound type : dvandva tatpurusha (ratha+nāga+nara+kṣaya)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• nāga – elephant, snake
  noun (masculine)
• nara – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• kṣaya – destruction, loss, end
  noun (masculine)
  Root: kṣi (class 1)

Note: The final kṣaya makes it a tatpurusha compound where the preceding elements are genitive (destruction of chariots, elephants, and men).