महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-35, verse-42

तृणोल्कया ज्ञायते जातरूपं युगे भद्रो व्यवहारेण साधुः ।
शूरो भयेष्वर्थकृच्छ्रेषु धीरः कृच्छ्रास्वापत्सु सुहृदश्चारयश्च ॥४२॥

42. tṛṇolkayā jñāyate jātarūpaṁ; yuge bhadro vyavahāreṇa sādhuḥ ,
śūro bhayeṣvarthakṛcchreṣu dhīraḥ; kṛcchrāsvāpatsu suhṛdaścārayaśca.

42. tṛṇolkayā jñāyate jātarūpam yuge
bhadraḥ vyavahāreṇa sādhuḥ śūraḥ
bhayeṣu arthakṛcchreṣu dhīraḥ
kṛcchrāsu āpatsu suhṛdaḥ ca arayaḥ ca

42. Gold is recognized by testing with a grass-torch. A good person is known by his companionship, and a virtuous person by his conduct. A brave person is known in dangers, a resolute person in financial difficulties, and both friends and enemies (are known) in severe calamities.

Words meanings summery:

• तृणोल्कया (tṛṇolkayā) - by a grass-torch, by a torch made of grass

• ज्ञायते (jñāyate) - is known, is understood, is recognized

• जातरूपम् (jātarūpam) - gold, naturally formed gold

• युगे (yuge) - in company, in association, in a pair

• भद्रः (bhadraḥ) - a good person, gentle, auspicious

• व्यवहारेण (vyavahāreṇa) - by conduct, by dealings, by behavior

• साधुः (sādhuḥ) - a virtuous person, good, upright

• शूरः (śūraḥ) - a hero, brave person, valiant

• भयेषु (bhayeṣu) - in fears, in dangers

• अर्थकृच्छ्रेषु (arthakṛcchreṣu) - in financial difficulties, in monetary troubles

• धीरः (dhīraḥ) - a resolute person, firm, steady, wise

• कृच्छ्रासु (kṛcchrāsu) - in severe, in difficult (times)

• आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in calamities, in adversities, in misfortunes

• सुहृदः (suhṛdaḥ) - friends (plural)

• च (ca) - and

• अरयः (arayaḥ) - enemies (plural)

• च (ca) - and

Words meanings and morphology

तृणोल्कया (tṛṇolkayā) - by a grass-torch, by a torch made of grass

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of tṛṇolkā

tṛṇolkā - grass-torch, torch made of grass

From tṛṇa (grass) + ulkā (torch, meteor).

Compound type : tatpurusha (tṛṇa+ulkā)

• tṛṇa – grass, blade of grass
  noun (neuter)
  Root: tṛṇ (class 1)
• ulkā – torch, fire-brand, meteor
  noun (feminine)

ज्ञायते (jñāyate) - is known, is understood, is recognized

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of jñā

Present tense, passive voice

3rd person singular present passive of jñā.

Root: jñā (class 9)

जातरूपम् (jātarūpam) - gold, naturally formed gold

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jātarūpa

jātarūpa - gold, naturally formed (metal), beautiful form

From jāta (born, produced) + rūpa (form, appearance).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (jāta+rūpa)

• jāta – born, produced, become
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root jan.
  Root: jan (class 4)
• rūpa – form, shape, appearance, beauty
  noun (neuter)
  Root: rūp (class 10)

Note: Subject of the passive verb jñāyate.

युगे (yuge) - in company, in association, in a pair

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuga

yuga - yoke, pair, couple, age (era), company, association

From root yuj (to join).

Root: yuj (class 7)

भद्रः (bhadraḥ) - a good person, gentle, auspicious

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhadra

bhadra - good, gentle, auspicious, excellent, a good person

Root: bhad (class 1)

Note: Subject of an implied jñāyate.

व्यवहारेण (vyavahāreṇa) - by conduct, by dealings, by behavior

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vyavahāra

vyavahāra - conduct, behavior, dealings, usage, practice, lawsuit

From vi + ava + root hṛ (to take, carry) + a suffix.

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: hṛ (class 1)

साधुः (sādhuḥ) - a virtuous person, good, upright

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sādhu

sādhu - virtuous, good, upright, excellent, a good person, a sage

From root sādh (to accomplish).

Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Subject of an implied jñāyate.

शूरः (śūraḥ) - a hero, brave person, valiant

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śūra

śūra - brave, valiant, heroic, a hero, a warrior

Root: śūr (class 1)

Note: Subject of an implied jñāyate.

भयेषु (bhayeṣu) - in fears, in dangers

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of bhaya

bhaya - fear, dread, danger

From root bhī (to fear).

Root: bhī (class 3)

अर्थकृच्छ्रेषु (arthakṛcchreṣu) - in financial difficulties, in monetary troubles

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of arthakṛcchra

arthakṛcchra - financial difficulty, monetary trouble, indigence

From artha (wealth, money) + kṛcchra (difficulty, trouble).

Compound type : tatpurusha (artha+kṛcchra)

• artha – wealth, money, purpose, meaning
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ṛ (class 1)
• kṛcchra – difficult, painful, distress, trouble, difficulty
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  From root kṛcch (to suffer).
  Root: kṛcch (class 1)

धीरः (dhīraḥ) - a resolute person, firm, steady, wise

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhīra

dhīra - firm, steady, resolute, patient, wise, bold, a resolute person

From dhī (thought, understanding).

Root: dhī (class 1)

Note: Subject of an implied jñāyate.

कृच्छ्रासु (kṛcchrāsu) - in severe, in difficult (times)

(adjective)

Locative, feminine, plural of kṛcchra

kṛcchra - difficult, painful, distressful, severe

From root kṛcch. Feminine form kṛcchrā.

Root: kṛcch (class 1)

आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in calamities, in adversities, in misfortunes

(noun)

Locative, feminine, plural of āpat

āpat - calamity, distress, misfortune, adversity

From ā + root pad (to go, fall).

Prefix: ā

Root: pad (class 4)

सुहृदः (suhṛdaḥ) - friends (plural)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of suhṛd

suhṛd - friend, well-wisher (literally 'good-hearted')

From su (good) + hṛd (heart).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (su+hṛd)

• su – good, well, excellent
  indeclinable
  Prefix/adverb.
• hṛd – heart, mind, breast
  noun (neuter)
  Root: hṛd (class 1)

Note: Subject of an implied jñāyante.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अरयः (arayaḥ) - enemies (plural)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ari

ari - enemy, foe, rival

From root ṛ (to go, rise) with negative connotations.

Root: ṛ (class 1)

Note: Subject of an implied jñāyante.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)