महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-35, verse-25

नगरे प्रतिरुद्धः सन्बहिर्द्वारे बुभुक्षितः ।
अमित्रान्भूयसः पश्यन्दुर्विवक्ता स्म तां वसेत् ॥२५॥

25. nagare pratiruddhaḥ sanbahirdvāre bubhukṣitaḥ ,
amitrānbhūyasaḥ paśyandurvivaktā sma tāṁ vaset.

25. nagare pratiruddhaḥ san bahiḥ dvāre bubhukṣitaḥ
amitrān bhūyasaḥ paśyan durvivaktā sma tām vaset

25. One should indeed endure such a night as that experienced by one confined within a city, hungry at its outer gate, seeing many enemies, or one who has spoken ill.

Words meanings summery:

• नगरे (nagare) - in the city

• प्रतिरुद्धः (pratiruddhaḥ) - A person held captive or besieged within a city. (confined, obstructed, besieged)

• सन् (san) - Emphasizes the state of being confined. (being, existing)

• बहिः (bahiḥ) - outside, out

• द्वारे (dvāre) - Specifically, at the outer gate of the city. (at the gate, at the door)

• बुभुक्षितः (bubhukṣitaḥ) - Starving, enduring hunger. (hungry, desirous of eating)

• अमित्रान् (amitrān) - Many adversaries, potentially besieging the city. (enemies)

• भूयसः (bhūyasaḥ) - Referring to a large number of enemies. (many, abundant, more)

• पश्यन् (paśyan) - Observing the presence of many enemies. (seeing, beholding)

• दुर्विवक्ता (durvivaktā) - A person who has uttered harsh or inappropriate words. (bad speaker, one who has spoken wrongly)

• स्म (sma) - Emphasizing the preceding list of unfortunate situations. (indeed, certainly)

• ताम् (tām) - Referring to 'rātrim' (night). (that (feminine accusative singular))

• वसेत् (vaset) - Should experience or endure such a night. (should dwell, should live (through))

Words meanings and morphology

नगरे (nagare) - in the city

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of nagara

nagara - city, town

प्रतिरुद्धः (pratiruddhaḥ) - A person held captive or besieged within a city. (confined, obstructed, besieged)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratiruddha

pratiruddha - confined, obstructed, besieged

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √rudh with prefix prati-

Prefix: prati

Root: rudh (class 7)

सन् (san) - Emphasizes the state of being confined. (being, existing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good

Present Active Participle

Derived from √as

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Often functions like 'while being' or 'being in such a state'.

बहिः (bahiḥ) - outside, out

(indeclinable)

द्वारे (dvāre) - Specifically, at the outer gate of the city. (at the gate, at the door)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of dvāra

dvāra - gate, door, entrance

बुभुक्षितः (bubhukṣitaḥ) - Starving, enduring hunger. (hungry, desirous of eating)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bubhukṣita

bubhukṣita - hungry, desirous of eating

Desiderative Past Passive Participle

Derived from desiderative of √bhuj 'to eat'

Root: bhuj (class 7)

अमित्रान् (amitrān) - Many adversaries, potentially besieging the city. (enemies)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of amitra

amitra - enemy, foe

Negative compound a- + mitra (friend)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+mitra)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• mitra – friend
  noun (masculine)

भूयसः (bhūyasaḥ) - Referring to a large number of enemies. (many, abundant, more)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of bhūyas

bhūyas - more, many, abundant

Comparative degree of bahu

Note: Declines like a nominal stem in -as

पश्यन् (paśyan) - Observing the presence of many enemies. (seeing, beholding)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of paśyat

paśyat - seeing, beholding

Present Active Participle

Derived from √dṛś (to see), but uses the stem paśya- in present tense

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Used here as a nominative singular masculine participle, agreeing with the implied subject (one confined, hungry).

दुर्विवक्ता (durvivaktā) - A person who has uttered harsh or inappropriate words. (bad speaker, one who has spoken wrongly)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durvivaktṛ

durvivaktṛ - bad speaker, one who has spoken ill

Agent noun

Derived from dur-vi-√vac + tṛn

Prefixes: dur+vi

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: This is a form of an agent noun ending in -tṛ

स्म (sma) - Emphasizing the preceding list of unfortunate situations. (indeed, certainly)

(indeclinable)

Often used with present tense verbs to denote past action, or as an emphatic particle.

ताम् (tām) - Referring to 'rātrim' (night). (that (feminine accusative singular))

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, this

वसेत् (vaset) - Should experience or endure such a night. (should dwell, should live (through))

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of vas

Optative mood

Optative active, 3rd person singular

Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Refers to the act of enduring or experiencing the night.