महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-35, verse-30

सुधन्वोवाच ।
यद्धर्ममवृणीथास्त्वं न कामादनृतं वदीः ।
पुनर्ददामि ते तस्मात्पुत्रं प्रह्राद दुर्लभम् ॥३०॥

30. sudhanvovāca ,
yaddharmamavṛṇīthāstvaṁ na kāmādanṛtaṁ vadīḥ ,
punardadāmi te tasmātputraṁ prahrāda durlabham.

30. sudhanvā uvāca | yat dharmam avṛṇīthāḥ tvam na kāmāt anṛtam
vadīḥ | punaḥ dadāmi te tasmāt putram prahrāda durlabham

30. Sudhanvā said: "Because you chose righteousness (dharma) and did not speak untruth out of desire, therefore, O Prahlāda, I give back to you your son, who was difficult to obtain."

Words meanings summery:

• सुधन्वा (sudhanvā) - Sudhanvā, the son of Aṅgirā (Sudhanvā)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• यत् (yat) - because (conjunction) (because, which, that)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteousness (dharma) (righteousness, natural law, constitution (dharma))

• अवृणीथाः (avṛṇīthāḥ) - you chose, you selected

• त्वम् (tvam) - you (Prahlāda) (you)

• न (na) - not

• कामात् (kāmāt) - from desire, out of desire

• अनृतम् (anṛtam) - untruth, falsehood

• वदीः (vadīḥ) - you spoke (not)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, back

• ददामि (dadāmi) - I give, I offer

• ते (te) - to you (Prahlāda) (to you, your)

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

• पुत्रम् (putram) - Virocana, the son of Prahlāda (son)

• प्रह्राद (prahrāda) - Prahlāda, the father of Virocana, being addressed (O Prahlāda)

• दुर्लभम् (durlabham) - difficult to obtain, rare

Words meanings and morphology

सुधन्वा (sudhanvā) - Sudhanvā, the son of Aṅgirā (Sudhanvā)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sudhanvan

sudhanvan - one with a good bow; a proper name (Sudhanvā)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (su+dhanvan)

• su – good, well, excellent
  indeclinable
• dhanvan – bow
  noun (neuter)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Irregular perfect form from root `vac` (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

यत् (yat) - because (conjunction) (because, which, that)

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that (relative pronoun)

Neuter nominative/accusative singular. Often used as a conjunction.

Note: Functions as a conjunction meaning 'because'.

धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteousness (dharma) (righteousness, natural law, constitution (dharma))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue, moral order (dharma)

From root `dhṛ` (to uphold, support).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Object of the verb `avṛṇīthāḥ`.

अवृणीथाः (avṛṇīthāḥ) - you chose, you selected

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, aorist (luṅ) of vṛ

Aorist Middle

Second person singular aorist middle form from root `vṛ`.

Root: vṛ (class 9)

Note: Refers to Prahlāda (you).

त्वम् (tvam) - you (Prahlāda) (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Base form for the second person pronoun.

Note: Refers to Prahlāda.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

कामात् (kāmāt) - from desire, out of desire

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of kāma

kāma - desire, wish, love, pleasure

From root `kam` (to desire).

Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Used adverbially to mean 'out of desire'.

अनृतम् (anṛtam) - untruth, falsehood

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of anṛta

anṛta - untruth, falsehood; false, untrue

Compound of `a` (negation) + `ṛta` (truth, cosmic order).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+ṛta)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• ṛta – truth, cosmic order, right
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `ṛ` (to go, move, arise), here refers to established order/truth.
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Object of the verb `vadīḥ`.

वदीः (vadīḥ) - you spoke (not)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, injunctive (past sense) (luṅ-injunctive) of vad

Imperfect Active (Injunctive)

Second person singular aorist injunctive form from root `vad`. Often used with `na` for prohibition.

Root: vad (class 1)

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, back

(indeclinable)

ददामि (dadāmi) - I give, I offer

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of dā

Present Active

First person singular present active from root `dā` (Class 3, reduplicating).

Root: dā (class 3)

ते (te) - to you (Prahlāda) (to you, your)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Base form for the second person pronoun.

Note: Here, dative singular 'to you'.

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of tad

tad - that, he, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Used adverbially as a conjunction 'therefore'.

पुत्रम् (putram) - Virocana, the son of Prahlāda (son)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

Note: Object of `dadāmi`.

प्रह्राद (prahrāda) - Prahlāda, the father of Virocana, being addressed (O Prahlāda)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of prahrāda

prahrāda - Prahlāda (a proper name)

दुर्लभम् (durlabham) - difficult to obtain, rare

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of durlabha

durlabha - difficult to obtain, rare, inaccessible

Gerundive

Compound of `dur` (difficult) + `labha` (to be obtained/gained). `labha` is derived from root `labh`.

Compound type : pra-ādi tatpuruṣa (dur+labha)

• dur – difficult, bad, hard
  indeclinable
• labha – to be obtained, obtainable
  adjective
  Gerundive/Future Passive Participle
  Derived from root `labh` with `a` suffix, implying ability to obtain.
  Root: labh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `putram`.