महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-171, verse-48

यद्यत्त्यजति कामानां तत्सुखस्याभिपूर्यते ।
कामस्य वशगो नित्यं दुःखमेव प्रपद्यते ॥४८॥

48. yadyattyajati kāmānāṁ tatsukhasyābhipūryate ,
kāmasya vaśago nityaṁ duḥkhameva prapadyate.

48. yat yat tyajati kāmānām tat sukhasya abhipūryate
kāmasya vaśagaḥ nityam duḥkham eva prapadyate

48. yat yat kāmānām tyajati,
tat sukhasya abhipūryate.
kāmasya vaśagaḥ nityam duḥkham eva prapadyate

48. Whatever desires one gives up, that much (of one's being) is filled with happiness. One who is constantly under the sway of desire (kāma) experiences only suffering.

Words meanings summery:

• यत् (yat) - whatever, which, that

• यत् (yat) - whatever, which, that

• त्यजति (tyajati) - one abandons, one gives up, one leaves

• कामानाम् (kāmānām) - of desires, among desires

• तत् (tat) - that, therefore

• सुखस्य (sukhasya) - of happiness, for happiness

• अभिपूर्यते (abhipūryate) - is filled, is completed, is amply supplied

• कामस्य (kāmasya) - of desire

• वशगः (vaśagaḥ) - going under the sway/control of, subject to

• नित्यम् (nityam) - always, constantly, perpetually

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, pain, misery, sorrow

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, just, certainly

• प्रपद्यते (prapadyate) - one experiences, one obtains, one resorts to

Words meanings and morphology

यत् (yat) - whatever, which, that

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, whatever, that

Used here in a correlative pair (yad... tat...)

Note: Repeated (yat yat) for emphasis 'whatever each time'.

यत् (yat) - whatever, which, that

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, whatever, that

Used here in a correlative pair (yad... tat...)

Note: Repeated (yat yat) for emphasis 'whatever each time'.

त्यजति (tyajati) - one abandons, one gives up, one leaves

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of √tyaj

Present Indicative

Third person singular, present tense, active voice.

Root: tyaj (class 1)

कामानाम् (kāmānām) - of desires, among desires

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kāma

kāma - desire, lust, love, longing

Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Used in a partitive sense (from among desires).

तत् (tat) - that, therefore

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

Correlative pronoun to 'yad'.

Note: Functions as the subject of 'abhipūryate'.

सुखस्य (sukhasya) - of happiness, for happiness

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of sukha

sukha - happiness, joy, pleasure, comfort

From su (good) + kha (hole/wheel hub); meaning 'good axle-hole' for a comfortable ride.

Note: 'Is filled with happiness' (implied instrumental, expressed as genitive of purpose/source).

अभिपूर्यते (abhipūryate) - is filled, is completed, is amply supplied

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of abhi-√pṛ

Present Indicative

Third person singular, present tense, middle/passive voice. Formed from abhi- + √pṛ + -ya (passive stem) + -te (middle ending).

Prefix: abhi

Root: pṛ (class 9)

कामस्य (kāmasya) - of desire

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of kāma

kāma - desire, lust, love, longing

Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Possessive or objective genitive.

वशगः (vaśagaḥ) - going under the sway/control of, subject to

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaśaga

vaśaga - going at will, subject to, under the control of

Compound of 'vaśa' (control) + 'ga' (going/moving).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vaśa+ga)

• vaśa – power, control, sway, submission
  noun (masculine)
  From √vaś
  Root: vaś (class 2)
• ga – going, moving, existing in
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from √gam (to go)
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Describes the implicit subject ('one').

नित्यम् (nityam) - always, constantly, perpetually

(indeclinable)

From ni + √i (to go) + tya. Adverbial accusative of nitya.

Note: Functions as an adverb modifying 'prapadyate'.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, pain, misery, sorrow

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, misery, sorrow, discomfort

From dus (bad) + kha (hole/wheel hub); meaning 'bad axle-hole' as a metaphor for an uncomfortable ride/existence.

Note: Object of 'prapadyate'.

एव (eva) - indeed, only, just, certainly

(indeclinable)

प्रपद्यते (prapadyate) - one experiences, one obtains, one resorts to

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of pra-√pad

Present Indicative

Third person singular, present tense, middle voice.

Prefix: pra

Root: pad (class 4)