महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-31, verse-14

स पालयन्नेव महीं धर्मात्मा काशिनन्दनः ।
तैर्वीतहव्यैरागत्य युधि सर्वैर्विनिर्जितः ॥१४॥

14. sa pālayanneva mahīṁ dharmātmā kāśinandanaḥ ,
tairvītahavyairāgatya yudhi sarvairvinirjitaḥ.

14. sa pālayan eva mahīm dharmātmā kāśinandanaḥ taiḥ
vītahavyaiḥ āgatya yudhi sarvaiḥ vinirjitaḥ

14. That righteous-souled (dharma) king, the delight of Kāśī, while ruling the earth, was completely defeated in battle by all those Vītahavyas who had arrived.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - refers to King Sudeva (he, that)

• पालयन् (pālayan) - protecting, ruling

• एव (eva) - just, only, indeed, while

• महीम् (mahīm) - the earth, land

• धर्मात्मा (dharmātmā) - righteous-souled, virtuous

• काशिनन्दनः (kāśinandanaḥ) - delight of Kāśī, son of Kāśī (king of Kāśī)

• तैः (taiḥ) - by them, by those

• वीतहव्यैः (vītahavyaiḥ) - by the Vītahavyas (proper name)

• आगत्य (āgatya) - having come, having arrived

• युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in war

• सर्वैः (sarvaiḥ) - by all

• विनिर्जितः (vinirjitaḥ) - completely defeated

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - refers to King Sudeva (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Sudeva from the previous verse.

पालयन् (pālayan) - protecting, ruling

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pālayat

pālayat - protecting, governing, ruling

present active participle

from causative root pālaya- (from pā)

Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'sa', indicating simultaneous action.

एव (eva) - just, only, indeed, while

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic, meaning 'while he was just protecting'.

महीम् (mahīm) - the earth, land

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of mahī

mahī - earth, ground, land

Note: Object of 'pālayan'.

धर्मात्मा (dharmātmā) - righteous-souled, virtuous

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmātman

dharmātman - one whose soul is righteousness, virtuous, righteous-souled

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dharma+ātman)

• dharma – natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adjective describing Sudeva.

काशिनन्दनः (kāśinandanaḥ) - delight of Kāśī, son of Kāśī (king of Kāśī)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kāśinandana

kāśinandana - son of Kāśī, delight of Kāśī, king of Kāśī

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kāśi+nandana)

• kāśi – Kāśī (ancient city)
  proper noun (masculine)
• nandana – son, delight, gladdening
  noun (masculine)

Note: Appositive to 'sa' (Sudeva).

तैः (taiḥ) - by them, by those

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agent of the passive verb 'vinirjitaḥ'.

वीतहव्यैः (vītahavyaiḥ) - by the Vītahavyas (proper name)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of vītahavya

vītahavya - Vītahavya (proper name of a lineage/people, 'whose oblations have been offered')

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vīta+havya)

• vīta – gone, disappeared, offered
  past passive participle
  Past Passive Participle
  from root i (to go) or from root vī (to take, to enjoy) or from root hu (to offer) with vi- prefix
  Root: i (class 2)
• havya – oblation, offering
  noun (neuter)
  gerundive/future passive participle
  from root hu (to offer)
  Root: hu (class 3)

Note: The agents who defeated Sudeva.

आगत्य (āgatya) - having come, having arrived

(indeclinable)

absolutive

formed from root gam + suffix -ya (after upasarga ā-)

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Describes the action of the Vītahavyas prior to the defeat.

युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in war

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of yudh

yudh - battle, war, fight

Note: Location of the defeat.

सर्वैः (sarvaiḥ) - by all

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Modifies 'vītahavyaiḥ'.

विनिर्जितः (vinirjitaḥ) - completely defeated

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vi-nir-ji

ji - to conquer, to overcome

past passive participle

from root ji with upasargas vi- and nir-

Prefixes: vi+nir

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'sa', indicating the outcome.