महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-289, verse-10

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
यदि तुल्यं व्रतं शौचं दया चात्र पितामह ।
तुल्यं न दर्शनं कस्मात्तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥१०॥

10. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
yadi tulyaṁ vrataṁ śaucaṁ dayā cātra pitāmaha ,
tulyaṁ na darśanaṁ kasmāttanme brūhi pitāmaha.

10. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca yadi tulyam vratam śaucam dayā ca atra
pitāmaha tulyam na darśanam kasmāt tat me brūhi pitāmaha

10. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca: pitāmaha,
yadi atra vratam,
śaucam ca dayā tulyam,
kasmāt darśanam na tulyam? tat me brūhi,
pitāmaha.

10. Yudhishthira said: "O Grandfather (pitāmaha), if the observance of vows (vrata), purity (śauca), and compassion (dayā) are all equal in this matter, why then is their philosophical vision (darśana) not equal? Please explain that to me, O Grandfather (pitāmaha)."

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhishthira (Yudhishthira (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, spoke)

• यदि (yadi) - if (if, in case)

• तुल्यम् (tulyam) - equal (equal, similar)

• व्रतम् (vratam) - the observance of vows (vow, religious observance)

• शौचम् (śaucam) - purity (purity, cleanliness)

• दया (dayā) - compassion (compassion, pity, mercy)

• च (ca) - and (and; also)

• अत्र (atra) - in this matter (here, in this place, in this matter)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather (Draupadi's address to Bhishma) (O Grandfather)

• तुल्यम् (tulyam) - equal (equal, similar)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• दर्शनम् (darśanam) - philosophical vision (seeing, sight, view, philosophy, insight)

• कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why (why, from what)

• तत् (tat) - that (referring to the explanation) (that (neuter nominative/accusative singular))

• मे (me) - to me (to me, for me, my)

• ब्रूहि (brūhi) - please tell (say, tell)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhishthira (Yudhishthira (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - steadfast in battle, Yudhishthira (name of the eldest Pandava)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (yudh+sthira)

• yudh – battle, fight
  noun (feminine)
  From root yudh.
  Root: yudh (class 4)
• sthira – firm, steady, constant
  adjective (masculine)
  From root sthā (to stand).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense, Parasmaipada, 3rd Person, Singular

Strong form of perfect root.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Introduces Yudhishthira's speech.

यदि (yadi) - if (if, in case)

(indeclinable)

Conditional particle.

तुल्यम् (tulyam) - equal (equal, similar)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tulya

tulya - comparable, similar, equal, like

From tulā (balance).

Note: Used with multiple subjects, implying "each is equal".

व्रतम् (vratam) - the observance of vows (vow, religious observance)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vrata

vrata - vow, religious observance, sacred practice, duty

Root: vṛ (class 5)

शौचम् (śaucam) - purity (purity, cleanliness)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śauca

śauca - purity, cleanliness, ritual purity, honesty

From śuci (pure).

दया (dayā) - compassion (compassion, pity, mercy)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of dayā

dayā - compassion, pity, mercy, sympathy

From root day (to pity).

Root: day (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and; also)

(indeclinable)

अत्र (atra) - in this matter (here, in this place, in this matter)

(indeclinable)

From pronominal stem a.

Note: Refers to the context of the Sāṃkhya and Yoga paths.

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather (Draupadi's address to Bhishma) (O Grandfather)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather

From pitṛ (father) + maha (great).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (pitṛ+mahat)

• pitṛ – father
  noun (masculine)
• mahat – great, large
  adjective (masculine)
  Strong form.

Note: Used as an address.

तुल्यम् (tulyam) - equal (equal, similar)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tulya

tulya - comparable, similar, equal, like

From tulā (balance).

Note: Predicate adjective.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negation particle.

दर्शनम् (darśanam) - philosophical vision (seeing, sight, view, philosophy, insight)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of darśana

darśana - seeing, sight, vision, doctrine, system of philosophy, insight

From root dṛś (to see).

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Subject of the question clause.

कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why (why, from what)

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of kim

kim - what, which, why

Ablative singular of kim.

Note: Functions as an interrogative adverb meaning "why".

तत् (tat) - that (referring to the explanation) (that (neuter nominative/accusative singular))

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Nominative/Accusative singular of tad.

Note: Refers to the answer to the question.

मे (me) - to me (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Dative/Genitive singular of asmad. Enclitic form.

ब्रूहि (brūhi) - please tell (say, tell)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of brū

Imperative Mood, Parasmaipada, 2nd Person, Singular

Irregular form of root brū.

Root: brū (class 2)

Note: Command/request.

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather

From pitṛ (father) + maha (great).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (pitṛ+mahat)

• pitṛ – father
  noun (masculine)
• mahat – great, large
  adjective (masculine)
  Strong form.

Note: Repeated for emphasis or poetic effect.