महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-31, verse-34

तथासौ वाक्प्रतोदेन तुद्यमानः पुनः पुनः ।
वाचं न ममृषे धीमानुत्तमाश्वः कशामिव ॥३४॥

34. tathāsau vākpratodena tudyamānaḥ punaḥ punaḥ ,
vācaṁ na mamṛṣe dhīmānuttamāśvaḥ kaśāmiva.

34. tathā asau vākpratodena tudyamānaḥ punaḥ punaḥ
vācam na mamṛṣe dhīmān uttamāśvaḥ kaśām iva

34. tathā asau dhīmān punaḥ punaḥ vākpratodena tudyamānaḥ,
uttamāśvaḥ kaśām iva,
vācam na mamṛṣe.

34. Thus, tormented again and again by the goad of words, that intelligent one could not bear the speech, just as an excellent horse does not tolerate the whip.

Words meanings summery:

• तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

• असौ (asau) - Duryodhana (he, that one (far away))

• वाक्प्रतोदेन (vākpratodena) - by the goad of words, by verbal taunts

• तुद्यमानः (tudyamānaḥ) - being tormented, being pricked, being hurt

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, repeatedly

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, repeatedly

• वाचम् (vācam) - (Yudhishthira's) words/taunts (speech, word)

• न (na) - not, no

• ममृषे (mamṛṣe) - tolerated, endured

• धीमान् (dhīmān) - (Duryodhana) the intelligent one (intelligent, wise, discerning)

• उत्तमाश्वः (uttamāśvaḥ) - excellent horse, best horse

• कशाम् (kaśām) - whip, lash

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

Words meanings and morphology

तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

(indeclinable)

Adverb of manner.

असौ (asau) - Duryodhana (he, that one (far away))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adas

adas - that (remote), he, she, it

Nominative singular masculine of 'adas'.

वाक्प्रतोदेन (vākpratodena) - by the goad of words, by verbal taunts

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vācpratoda

vācpratoda - goad of speech, verbal taunt, rebuke

Compound of 'vāc' (speech) and 'pratoda' (goad).

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (vāc+pratoda)

• vāc – speech, word, voice
  noun (feminine)
  Root: vac (class 2)
• pratoda – goad, prick, stimulus
  noun (masculine)
  From 'prati-' (against) + √tud (to prick).
  Prefix: prati
  Root: tud (class 6)

Note: Instrumental case indicates the means of torment.

तुद्यमानः (tudyamānaḥ) - being tormented, being pricked, being hurt

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tud

tud - to strike, pierce, torment, goad

Present passive participle

Nominative singular masculine of present passive participle from √tud (6th class).

Root: tud (class 6)

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, repeatedly

(indeclinable)

Adverb of repetition.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, repeatedly

(indeclinable)

Adverb of repetition.

वाचम् (vācam) - (Yudhishthira's) words/taunts (speech, word)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - speech, word, voice

Accusative singular of 'vāc' (feminine).

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Particle of negation.

ममृषे (mamṛṣe) - tolerated, endured

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (lit) of mṛṣ

Perfect middle

Third person singular perfect middle of √mṛṣ (4th class).

Root: mṛṣ (class 4)

धीमान् (dhīmān) - (Duryodhana) the intelligent one (intelligent, wise, discerning)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhīmat

dhīmat - intelligent, wise, endowed with understanding

From 'dhī' (intellect) + '-mat' (possessing).

उत्तमाश्वः (uttamāśvaḥ) - excellent horse, best horse

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of uttamāśva

uttamāśva - excellent horse, best horse

Compound of 'uttama' (best) and 'aśva' (horse).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (uttama+aśva)

• uttama – best, highest, supreme
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative of 'ut' (up).
• aśva – horse
  noun (masculine)

कशाम् (kaśām) - whip, lash

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kaśā

kaśā - whip, lash, bridle

Note: Object of the implied verb 'tolerates' in the simile.

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)

Particle expressing comparison.