महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-31, verse-51

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
नाभूदियं तव प्रज्ञा कथमेवं सुयोधन ।
यदाभिमन्युं बहवो जघ्नुर्युधि महारथाः ॥५१॥

51. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
nābhūdiyaṁ tava prajñā kathamevaṁ suyodhana ,
yadābhimanyuṁ bahavo jaghnuryudhi mahārathāḥ.

51. Yudhiṣṭhira uvāca | na abhūt iyam tava prajñā katham evam
Suyodhana | yadā Abhimanyum bahavaḥ jaghnuḥ yudhi mahārathāḥ

51. Suyodhana,
katham iyam prajñā tava na abhūt,
yadā bahavaḥ mahārathāḥ Abhimanyum yudhi jaghnuḥ?

51. Yudhiṣṭhira said: "O Suyodhana, how is it that you did not possess this intelligence when many great warriors (mahārathas) killed Abhimanyu in battle?"

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest Pāṇḍava brother, speaking to Duryodhana (Suyodhana) (Yudhiṣṭhira)

• उवाच (uvāca) - spoke, said

• न (na) - not, no

• अभूत् (abhūt) - was, came to be

• इयम् (iyam) - this

• तव (tava) - your, of you

• प्रज्ञा (prajñā) - intelligence, wisdom, understanding

• कथम् (katham) - how, why

• एवम् (evam) - thus, in this manner

• सुयोधन (suyodhana) - Another name for Duryodhana, meaning 'good fighter' or 'easy to fight' (ironic) (Suyodhana)

• यदा (yadā) - when

• अभिमन्युम् (abhimanyum) - Arjuna's son, killed in the Mahābhārata war (Abhimanyu)

• बहवः (bahavaḥ) - many

• जघ्नुः (jaghnuḥ) - killed, struck down

• युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in combat

• महारथाः (mahārathāḥ) - great warriors, mighty charioteers

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest Pāṇḍava brother, speaking to Duryodhana (Suyodhana) (Yudhiṣṭhira)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of Yudhiṣṭhira

Yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava, steadfast in battle)

Compound of yudhi (in battle) + sthira (firm, steady)

Compound type : Aluk-Tatpurusha (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle
  indeclinable
  Locative singular of yudh (battle)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - spoke, said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of uvāca

Perfect tense (liṭ)

Reduplicated perfect of the root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अभूत् (abhūt) - was, came to be

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of abhūt

Aorist tense (luṅ)

Aorist form of the root bhū, 3rd person singular

Root: bhū (class 1)

इयम् (iyam) - this

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one (near the speaker)

तव (tava) - your, of you

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

प्रज्ञा (prajñā) - intelligence, wisdom, understanding

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of prajñā

prajñā - wisdom, intelligence, discernment, knowledge

From pra-jñā (to know completely)

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

कथम् (katham) - how, why

(indeclinable)

एवम् (evam) - thus, in this manner

(indeclinable)

सुयोधन (suyodhana) - Another name for Duryodhana, meaning 'good fighter' or 'easy to fight' (ironic) (Suyodhana)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of Suyodhana

Suyodhana - Suyodhana (name of Duryodhana)

Compound type : Bahuvrihi (su+yodhana)

• su – good, well, excellent
  indeclinable
• yodhana – fighter, warrior, fighting
  noun (masculine)
  From root yudh (to fight)
  Root: yudh (class 4)

यदा (yadā) - when

(indeclinable)

अभिमन्युम् (abhimanyum) - Arjuna's son, killed in the Mahābhārata war (Abhimanyu)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of Abhimanyu

Abhimanyu - Abhimanyu (name of Arjuna's son, meaning 'one who has self-respect')

बहवः (bahavaḥ) - many

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bahu

bahu - many, much, numerous

जघ्नुः (jaghnuḥ) - killed, struck down

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of han

Perfect tense (liṭ)

Reduplicated perfect of the root han

Root: han (class 2)

युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of yudh

yudh - battle, fight, war

Root: yudh (class 4)

महारथाः (mahārathāḥ) - great warriors, mighty charioteers

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahāratha

mahāratha - great warrior, mighty charioteer (one capable of fighting 10,000 warriors)

Compound type : Karmadhāraya (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective
• ratha – chariot, warrior (especially one fighting from a chariot)
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram (class 1)