महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-25, verse-40

ते गजस्थेन काल्यन्ते भगदत्तेन पाण्डवाः ।
ऐरावतस्थेन यथा देवराजेन दानवाः ॥४०॥

40. te gajasthena kālyante bhagadattena pāṇḍavāḥ ,
airāvatasthena yathā devarājena dānavāḥ.

40. te gajasthena kālyante bhagadattena pāṇḍavāḥ
airāvatasthena yathā devarājena dānavāḥ

40. te pāṇḍavāḥ gajasthena bhagadattena kālyante
yathā dānavāḥ airāvatasthena devarājena (kālyante)

40. The Pāṇḍavas were being pursued by Bhagadatta, who was mounted on an elephant, just as the Dānavas are pursued by the King of Gods (devarāja) Indra, who is mounted on Airāvata.

Words meanings summery:

• ते (te) - those (Pāṇḍavas) (those, they)

• गजस्थेन (gajasthena) - by (Bhagadatta) mounted on an elephant (by one standing/mounted on an elephant)

• काल्यन्ते (kālyante) - they are being pursued (they are being driven away, they are being pursued)

• भगदत्तेन (bhagadattena) - by Bhagadatta (a king of Pragjyotisha, skilled in elephant warfare) (by Bhagadatta)

• पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pāṇḍavas (sons of Pāṇḍu) (the Pāṇḍavas)

• ऐरावतस्थेन (airāvatasthena) - by (Indra) mounted on Airavata (by one standing/mounted on Airavata)

• यथा (yathā) - just as (as, just as, in what manner)

• देवराजेन (devarājena) - by the King of Gods (devarāja) Indra (by the king of gods (Indra))

• दानवाः (dānavāḥ) - the Dānavas (demonic beings) (the Danavas (demons))

Words meanings and morphology

ते (te) - those (Pāṇḍavas) (those, they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Qualifies `pāṇḍavāḥ`.

गजस्थेन (gajasthena) - by (Bhagadatta) mounted on an elephant (by one standing/mounted on an elephant)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of gajastha

gajastha - standing on an elephant, mounted on an elephant

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (gaja+stha)

• gaja – elephant
  noun (masculine)
• stha – standing, staying, situated
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun/suffix
  From root sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `bhagadattena`.

काल्यन्ते (kālyante) - they are being pursued (they are being driven away, they are being pursued)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, passive, present (lat) of kal

present passive

Root kal (class 10, kālayati 'to drive') in passive voice. Present tense, 3rd person plural, middle voice (ātmanepada).

Root: kal (class 10)

Note: The passive voice agrees with `pāṇḍavāḥ` (subject) and `bhagadattena` (agent in instrumental).

भगदत्तेन (bhagadattena) - by Bhagadatta (a king of Pragjyotisha, skilled in elephant warfare) (by Bhagadatta)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhagadatta

bhagadatta - Bhagadatta (proper name)

Note: Agent of the passive verb `kālyante`.

पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pāṇḍavas (sons of Pāṇḍu) (the Pāṇḍavas)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu

Note: Subject of the passive verb `kālyante`.

ऐरावतस्थेन (airāvatasthena) - by (Indra) mounted on Airavata (by one standing/mounted on Airavata)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of airāvatastha

airāvatastha - standing on Airavata, mounted on Airavata

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (airāvata+stha)

• airāvata – Airavata (Indra's elephant)
  proper noun (masculine)
• stha – standing, staying, situated
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun/suffix
  From root sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `devarājena`.

यथा (yathā) - just as (as, just as, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a comparison.

देवराजेन (devarājena) - by the King of Gods (devarāja) Indra (by the king of gods (Indra))

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of devarāja

devarāja - king of gods, Indra

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (deva+rāja)

• deva – god, deity
  noun (masculine)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agent of the implied passive verb.

दानवाः (dānavāḥ) - the Dānavas (demonic beings) (the Danavas (demons))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dānava

dānava - descendant of Danu, a demon, an Asura

Patronymic from Danu

Note: Subject of the implied passive verb.