महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-79, verse-51

स गाढविद्धो व्यथितो रथोपस्थे महारथः ।
निषसाद महाराज कश्मलं च जगाम ह ॥५१॥

51. sa gāḍhaviddho vyathito rathopasthe mahārathaḥ ,
niṣasāda mahārāja kaśmalaṁ ca jagāma ha.

51. saḥ gāḍhaviddhaḥ vyathitaḥ rathopasthe mahārathaḥ
niṣasāda mahārāja kaśmalam ca jagāma ha

51. mahārāja,
saḥ mahārathaḥ gāḍhaviddhaḥ vyathitaḥ rathopasthe niṣasāda ca kaśmalam jagāma ha

51. That great warrior, deeply wounded and in distress, sat down on his chariot's platform, O Great King, and fell into a swoon.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• गाढविद्धः (gāḍhaviddhaḥ) - deeply wounded, severely pierced

• व्यथितः (vyathitaḥ) - distressed, pained, troubled

• रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - on the chariot's platform/seat

• महारथः (mahārathaḥ) - great warrior, great charioteer

• निषसाद (niṣasāda) - he sat down

• महाराज (mahārāja) - Addressing Dhritarashtra or Sanjaya (O Great King)

• कश्मलम् (kaśmalam) - swoon, unconsciousness, faintness

• च (ca) - and, also

• जगाम (jagāma) - he fell into (a state of unconsciousness) (he went, he attained)

• ह (ha) - indeed, surely

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

गाढविद्धः (gāḍhaviddhaḥ) - deeply wounded, severely pierced

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gāḍhaviddha

gāḍhaviddha - deeply pierced, severely wounded

Past Passive Participle

Compound of 'gāḍha' (deeply) and 'viddha' (pierced, Past Passive Participle of root 'vyadh').

Compound type : tatpurusha (gāḍha+viddha)

• gāḍha – deep, firm, intense
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'gāh' (to plunge)
  Root: gāh (class 1)
• viddha – pierced, wounded, struck
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from the root 'vyadh' (to pierce).
  Root: vyadh (class 4)

व्यथितः (vyathitaḥ) - distressed, pained, troubled

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyathita

vyathita - distressed, pained, troubled, agitated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root 'vyath' (to be distressed) with past passive participle suffix.

Root: vyath (class 1)

रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - on the chariot's platform/seat

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rathopastha

rathopastha - the seat or platform of a chariot

Compound type : tatpurusha (ratha+upastha)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
• upastha – lap, seat, platform, proximity
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: upa

महारथः (mahārathaḥ) - great warrior, great charioteer

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāratha

mahāratha - great charioteer, a warrior capable of fighting many thousands of warriors single-handedly

Compound type : karmadharaya (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• ratha – chariot, warrior (often implying a warrior who fights from a chariot)
  noun (masculine)

निषसाद (niṣasāda) - he sat down

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of sad

Perfect Tense

3rd person singular, Parasmaipada, perfect tense of 'ni-sad'.

Prefix: ni

Root: sad (class 1)

महाराज (mahārāja) - Addressing Dhritarashtra or Sanjaya (O Great King)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Compound type : karmadharaya (mahā+rāja)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

कश्मलम् (kaśmalam) - swoon, unconsciousness, faintness

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kaśmala

kaśmala - swoon, faintness, unconsciousness, impurity, dirt

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

जगाम (jagāma) - he fell into (a state of unconsciousness) (he went, he attained)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of gam

Perfect Tense

3rd person singular, Parasmaipada, perfect tense.

Root: gam (class 1)

ह (ha) - indeed, surely

(indeclinable)