महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-255, verse-1

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
संतिष्ठत प्रहरत तूर्णं विपरिधावत ।
इति स्म सैन्धवो राजा चोदयामास तान्नृपान् ॥१॥

1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
saṁtiṣṭhata praharata tūrṇaṁ viparidhāvata ,
iti sma saindhavo rājā codayāmāsa tānnṛpān.

1. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca saṃtiṣṭhata praharata tūrṇam
viparidhāvata iti sma saindhavaḥ rājā codayāmāsa tān nṛpān

1. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: 'Stand firm! Strike! Quickly, disperse!' Thus, King Jayadratha, the ruler of Sindhu, exhorted those kings.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - The narrator of the Mahābhārata (Vaiśaṃpāyana)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

• संतिष्ठत (saṁtiṣṭhata) - stand firm, hold your ground, stop

• प्रहरत (praharata) - strike, attack

• तूर्णम् (tūrṇam) - quickly, swiftly

• विपरिधावत (viparidhāvata) - run around, disperse

• इति (iti) - thus, so, in this manner, here

• स्म (sma) - (historical present marker)

• सैन्धवः (saindhavaḥ) - Jayadratha, the King of Sindhu (pertaining to Sindhu, King of Sindhu)

• राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

• चोदयामास (codayāmāsa) - he urged, he exhorted, he incited

• तान् (tān) - those

• नृपान् (nṛpān) - Other allied kings/commanders in the battlefield (kings)

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - The narrator of the Mahābhārata (Vaiśaṃpāyana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Vaiśaṃpāyana (name of a sage, narrator of the Mahābhārata)

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect tense, active voice

Root vac (2nd class), perfect tense (liṭ), 3rd person singular active form.

Root: vac (class 2)

संतिष्ठत (saṁtiṣṭhata) - stand firm, hold your ground, stop

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, imperative (loṭ) of saṃsthā

imperative, active voice

Root sthā (1st class) with prefix sam-. Imperative (loṭ), 2nd person plural active form.

Prefix: sam

Root: sthā (class 1)

प्रहरत (praharata) - strike, attack

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, imperative (loṭ) of prahṛ

imperative, active voice

Root hṛ (1st class) with prefix pra-. Imperative (loṭ), 2nd person plural active form.

Prefix: pra

Root: hṛ (class 1)

तूर्णम् (tūrṇam) - quickly, swiftly

(indeclinable)

विपरिधावत (viparidhāvata) - run around, disperse

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, imperative (loṭ) of viparidhāv

imperative, active voice

Root dhāv (1st class) with prefixes vi- and pari-. Imperative (loṭ), 2nd person plural active form.

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: dhāv (class 1)

इति (iti) - thus, so, in this manner, here

(indeclinable)

Note: Indeclinable used to indicate the end of a quotation or an explanation.

स्म (sma) - (historical present marker)

(indeclinable)

Note: Here used with 'codayāmāsa' (perfect tense), its function is perhaps emphatic or simply conventional.

सैन्धवः (saindhavaḥ) - Jayadratha, the King of Sindhu (pertaining to Sindhu, King of Sindhu)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saindhava

saindhava - pertaining to Sindhu, inhabitant of Sindhu, King of Sindhu

Derived from Sindhu, indicating origin or ruler.

Note: Refers to Jayadratha.

राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

चोदयामास (codayāmāsa) - he urged, he exhorted, he incited

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of cud

perfect tense, active voice (causative)

Causative of root cud (10th class or formed with -ay). Perfect tense (liṭ), 3rd person singular active form.

Root: cud (class 10)

Note: Periphrastic perfect form.

तान् (tān) - those

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Demonstrative pronoun referring to 'nṛpān'.

नृपान् (nṛpān) - Other allied kings/commanders in the battlefield (kings)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pā)

• nṛ – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• pā – protector, preserver
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root pā (to protect).
  Root: pā (class 1)