महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-158, verse-10

ततो रात्रौ प्राप्नुवतो जलं ब्रह्मविदो जनाः ।
गर्हयन्ति नरान्सर्वान्बलस्थान्नृपतीनपि ॥१०॥

10. tato rātrau prāpnuvato jalaṁ brahmavido janāḥ ,
garhayanti narānsarvānbalasthānnṛpatīnapi.

10. tataḥ rātrau prāpnuvataḥ jalam brahmavidaḥ janāḥ
garhayanti narān sarvān balasthān nṛpatīn api

10. Therefore, at night, people who understand the ultimate reality (brahman) (brahmavid) censure all powerful men, even kings, who come to obtain water (in such a manner).

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - therefore (then, therefore, thereupon)

• रात्रौ (rātrau) - at night

• प्राप्नुवतः (prāpnuvataḥ) - of (people) coming to obtain (water at an inappropriate time/place) (of one obtaining, of one reaching, of one acquiring)

• जलम् (jalam) - water

• ब्रह्मविदः (brahmavidaḥ) - people who understand the ultimate reality (brahman) (knowers of Brahman, those who understand the ultimate reality)

• जनाः (janāḥ) - people, men

• गर्हायन्ति (garhāyanti) - they censure, they blame, they deprecate

• नरान् (narān) - men, males

• सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, every, whole

• बलस्थान् (balasthān) - powerful individuals (powerful, strong, situated in strength)

• नृपतीन् (nṛpatīn) - kings, lords of men

• अपि (api) - even (also, even, too)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - therefore (then, therefore, thereupon)

(indeclinable)

रात्रौ (rātrau) - at night

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of rātri

rātri - night

प्राप्नुवतः (prāpnuvataḥ) - of (people) coming to obtain (water at an inappropriate time/place) (of one obtaining, of one reaching, of one acquiring)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of prāpnuvat

prāpnuvat - obtaining, reaching, acquiring

Present Active Participle

Derived from the root 'āp' (to obtain) with the prefix 'pra'. Present active participle form.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Grammatically genitive singular, used here to refer generally to those who obtain water, contextually implying multiple individuals.

जलम् (jalam) - water

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of jala

jala - water, fluid

ब्रह्मविदः (brahmavidaḥ) - people who understand the ultimate reality (brahman) (knowers of Brahman, those who understand the ultimate reality)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of brahmavid

brahmavid - knower of Brahman, one who understands the ultimate reality

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (brahman+vid)

• brahman – ultimate reality, the Absolute, the universal spirit
  noun (neuter)
• vid – knower, understanding
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vid (class 2)

जनाः (janāḥ) - people, men

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jana

jana - person, people, man, creature

गर्हायन्ति (garhāyanti) - they censure, they blame, they deprecate

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (lat) of √garhay

Denominative verb from 'garhā' (blame, censure).

Root: grah (class 1)

नरान् (narān) - men, males

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of nara

nara - man, person, male, human

सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, every, whole

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

बलस्थान् (balasthān) - powerful individuals (powerful, strong, situated in strength)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of balastha

balastha - standing in power, strong, powerful

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bala+stha)

• bala – strength, power, force
  noun (neuter)
• stha – standing, situated, abiding in
  adjective
  Derived from the root 'sthā' (to stand).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

नृपतीन् (nṛpatīn) - kings, lords of men

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of nṛpati

nṛpati - king, ruler, lord of men

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pati)

• nṛ – man, male, human being
  noun (masculine)
• pati – lord, master, owner, husband
  noun (masculine)

अपि (api) - even (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)